CBSE 12th Class Geography Syllabus


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Course Structure

Parts/Units Topics Marks
Part A Fundamentals of Human Geography 35
Unit 1 Human Geography 30
Unit 2 People
Unit 3 Human Activities
Unit 4 Transport, Communication & Trade
Unit 5 Human settlements
Map Work 5
Part B India: People and Economy 35
Unit 6 People 30
Unit 7 Human settlements
Unit 8 Resources and Development
Unit 9 Transport, Communication and International Trade
Unit 10 Geographical Perspective on selected issues & problems
Map Work 5
Part C Practical Work 30
Unit 1 Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping 15
Unit 2 Field study of Spatial Information Technology 10
Unit 3 Practical Record Book and Viva Voce 5
Total (Part A + Part B + Part C) 100

Course Syllabus

Part A. Fundamentals of Human Geography

Unit 1: Human Geography

  • Nature
  • Scope

Unit 2: People

  • Population −
    • Distribution
    • Density
    • Growth
  • Population change −
    • Spatial patterns and structure
    • Determinants of population change
  • Age-sex ratio −
    • Rural-urban composition
  • Human development −
    • Concept
    • Selected indicators
    • International comparisons

Unit 3: Human Activities

  • Primary activities −

    • Concept and changing trends

    • Gathering

    • Pastoral

    • Mining

    • Subsistence agriculture

    • Modern agriculture

    • People engaged in agricultural and allied activities - some examples from selected countries

  • Secondary activities-concept −

    • Manufacturing −

      • Types – household

      • Small scale

      • Large scale

    • Agro based industries

    • Mineral based industries

    • People engaged in secondary activities - some examples from selected countries

  • Tertiary activities-concept −

    • Trade

    • Transport and tourism

    • Services

    • People engaged in tertiary activities - some examples from selected countries

  • Quaternary activities – concept −

    • people engaged in quaternary activities - case study from selected countries

Unit 4: Transport, Communication & Trade

  • Land transport −
    • Roads
    • Railways
    • Trans-continental railways
  • Water transport −
    • Inland waterways
    • Major ocean routes
  • Air transport −
    • Intercontinental air routes
  • Oil and gas pipelines
  • Satellite communication and cyber space −
    • Importance and usage for geographical information
    • use of GPS
  • International Trade-Bases and changing patterns −
    • Ports as gateways of international trade
    • Role of WTO in international trade
  • Ocean −
    • National rights and international treaties

Unit 5: Human settlements

  • Settlement types −
    • Rural and urban
    • Morphology of cities (case study)
    • Distribution of mega cities
    • Problems of human settlements in developing countries

Map Work

Map Work on identification of features based on 1-5 units on the outline/Physical/Political map of World

Part B. India: People and Economy

Unit 6: People

  • Population −
    • Distribution
    • Density
    • Growth
  • Composition of population −
    • Linguistic
    • Religious
    • Sex
    • Rural-urban
    • Occupational-regional variations in growth of population
  • Migration −
    • International
    • National
    • Causes and consequences
  • Human development −
    • Selected indicators and regional patterns
  • Population, environment and development

Unit 7: Human Settlements

  • Rural settlements −
    • Types
    • Distribution
  • Urban settlements −
    • Types
    • Distribution
    • Functional classification

Unit 8: Resources and Development

  • Land resources −

    • General land use

    • Agricultural land use

    • Geographical conditions and distribution of major crops −

      • Wheat

      • Rice

      • Tea

      • Coffee

      • Cotton

      • Jute

      • Sugarcane

      • Rubber

    • Agricultural development and problems

  • Water resources −

    • Availability and utilization-irrigation

    • Domestic

    • Industrial and other uses

    • Scarcity of water

    • Conservation methods −

      • Rain water harvesting

      • Watershed management

  • Mineral and energy resources −

    • Distribution of metallic −

      • Iron ore

      • Copper

      • Bauxite

      • Manganese

    • Distribution of non-metallic −

      • Mica

      • Salt

    • Conventional resources −

      • Coal

      • Petroleum

      • Natural gas

      • Hydroelectricity

    • Non-conventional energy sources −

      • Solar

      • Wind

      • Biogas

  • Conservation Industries −

    • Types

    • Factors of industrial location

    • Distribution and changing pattern of selected industries −

      • Iron and steel

      • Cotton textiles

      • Sugar

      • Petrochemicals

      • Knowledge based industries

    • Impact of liberalization, privatisation and globalisation on industrial location

    • Industrial clusters

  • Planning in India −

    • Target group area planning (case study)

    • Idea of sustainable development (case study)

Unit 9: Transport, Communication and International Trade

  • Transport and communication −
    • Roads
    • Railways
    • Waterways
    • Airways
    • oil and gas pipelines
    • Geographical information and communication networks
  • International trade −
    • Changing pattern of India's foreign trade
    • Sea ports and their hinterland and airports

Unit 10: Geographical Perspective on selected issues and problems

  • Environmental pollution
    • Urban - waste disposal
  • Urbanisation −
    • Rural-urban migration
    • Problems of slums
  • Land degradation

Map Work

  • Map work on locating and labelling of features based on above units on outline map of India.

Part-C Practical Work

Unit 1: Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping

  • Type and Sources of data −
    • Primary
    • Secondary and other sources
  • Tabulating and processing of data −
    • Calculation of averages
    • Measures of central tendency
    • Deviation
    • Rank correlation
  • Representation of data - construction of diagrams −
    • Bars
    • Circles
    • Flowchart
    • Thematic maps
    • Construction of dot
    • Choropleth maps
    • Isopleth maps
  • Data analysis and generation of diagrams −
    • Graphs and other visual diagrams using computers

Unit 2: Field Study or Spatial Information Technology

  • Field visit and study −
  • Map orientation
  • Observation and preparation of sketch
  • Survey on any one of the local concerns −
    • Pollution
    • Ground water changes
    • Land use and land-use changes
    • Poverty
    • Energy issues
    • Soil degradation
    • Impact of floods and drought
    • Catchment area of school

Market survey and Household survey (any one topic of local concern may be taken up for the study; observation and questionnaire survey may be adopted for the data collection; collected data may be tabulated and analysed with diagrams and maps). Students can be given different topics to get more insight into various problems of society.

OR

Unit 3: Spatial Information Technology

  • Introduction to GIS −
    • Hardware requirements and software modules
    • Data formats
    • Raster and vector data, data input, editing and topology building
    • Data analysis
    • Overlay and buffer

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