| Subject |
Founder/Father |
Description (if any) |
| Biogeography |
Alfred Russel Wallace |
Wallace worked on the impact of human activity on the natural world |
| Biology |
Aristotle |
|
| Botany |
Theophrastus |
|
| Evolution |
Charles Darwin |
On the Origin of Species (1859) |
| Genetics |
Gregor Mendel |
Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants (forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance) |
| Microbiology |
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see bacteria |
| Molecular biology |
Linus Pauling |
|
| Molecular biophysics |
Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran |
Founded the molecular biophysics unit (1970) |
| Paleontology |
Leonardo da Vinci |
|
| Parasitology |
Francesco Redi |
The founder of experimental biology. He was the first person who challenged the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies |
| Protozoology |
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
First to produce precise, correct descriptions of protozoa. |
| Atomic theory (early) |
Democritus |
Founder of atomism in cosmology |
| Atomic theory (modern) |
Father Roger Boscovich & |
First coherent description of atomic theory |
|
John Dalton |
First scientific description of the atom as a building block for more complex structures. |
| Chemistry (early) |
Jabir |
First introduced the experimental method to Islamic alchemy |
| Chemistry (modern) |
Antoine Lavoisier |
Elements of Chemistry (1787) |
| Jöns Berzelius |
Development of chemical nomenclature (1800s) |
| John Dalton |
Revival of atomic theory (1803) |
| Nuclear chemistry |
Otto Hahn |
Applied Radiochemistry (1936) |
| Periodic table |
Dmitri Mendeleev |
He arranged the sixty-six elements known at the time in order of atomic weight by periodic intervals (1869) |
| Physical chemistry |
Mikhail Lomonosov |
The first person to read lectures in physical chemistry and coin the term in 1752 |
| Geodesy (mathematical geography) |
Eratosthenes |
|
| Plate tectonics |
Alfred Wegener |
|
| Speleology |
Édouard-Alfred Martel |
|
| Cognitive therapy |
Aaron T. Beck |
|
| Electrophysiology |
Emil du Bois-Reymond |
|
| Gynaecology |
J. Marion Sims |
|
| Histology |
Marcello Malpighi |
|
| Medicine |
Charaka |
Wrote the Charaka Samhitā and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine |
| Psychology (experimental) |
Wilhelm Wundt |
Founded the first laboratory for psychological research |
| Plastic surgery |
Sushruta & |
Wrote the Sushruta Samhita |
| Harold Gillies |
|
| Psychoanalysis |
Sigmund Freud |
|
| Surgery (early) |
Sushruta |
Wrote the Sushruta Samhita |
| Atomic bomb |
Enrico Fermi |
|
| J. Robert Oppenheimer |
|
| Leslie Groves |
|
| Edward Teller |
|
| Classical mechanics |
Isaac Newton |
|
| Electricity |
William Gilbert & |
Wrote ‘De Magnete’ (1600) |
| Michael Faraday |
Discovered electromagnetic induction (1831) |
| Modern astronomy |
Nicolaus Copernicus |
Developed the first heliocentric model in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543) |
| Nuclear physics |
Ernest Rutherford |
|
| Nuclear science |
Marie Curie & Pierre Curie |
|
| Optics |
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) |
|
| Quantum mechanics |
Max Planck |
|
| Relativity |
Albert Einstein |
|
| Thermodynamics |
Sadi Carnot |
|
| Algebra |
Brahmagupta |
|
| Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi) |
|
| Diophantus |
|
| Calculus |
Isaac Newton & |
|
| Gottfried Leibniz |
|
| Computer science |
George Boole & |
|
| Alan Turing |
|
| Geometry |
Euclid |
|
| Number theory |
Pythagoras |
|
| Trigonometry |
Aryabhata & Hipparchus |
|
| Fuzzy logic |
Lotfi Asker Zadeh |
|
| Anthropology |
Herodotus |
|
| Geography |
Eratosthenes |
|
| Demography |
Ibn Khaldun |
|
| History |
Herodotus |
He also coined the term 'History' |
| International law |
Alberico Gentili |
|
| Francisco de Vitoria |
|
| Hugo Grotius |
|
| Linguistics (early) |
Panini |
|
| Sociology |
Ibn Khaldun |
|
| Auguste Comte (also coined the term) |
Father of modern sociology |
| Accounting and Bookkeeping |
Luca Pacioli |
|
| Economics (early) |
Chanakya / Kautilya |
|
| Mathematical economics |
Daniel Bernoulli |
|
| Microcredit |
Muhammad Yunus |
Founded Grameen Bank |
