ITIL - Quick Guide
ITIL - Overview
ITIL is a framework providing best practice guidelines on all aspects of end to end service management. It covers a complete spectrum of people, processes, products and use of partners.
Now a days, ITIL is being practiced by almost every company providing IT services to its customers.
The processes, tasks and checklists described in ITIL are not organization-specific, but can be implemented by any organization. It gives organization a framework to plan, implement and measure IT services.
ITIL was published in 1989 by Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO) in UK on behalf of the Central Communications and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA), now subsumed within the Office of Government Commerce (OGC).
Why ITIL is required?
ITIL helps business managers and IT managers to deliver services to the customers in an effective manner and hence gaining the customer’s confidence and satisfaction. The areas where ITIL plays an effective role are as given below −
IT and business strategic planning
Integrating and aligning IT and business goals
Implementing continuous improvement
Acquiring and retaining the right resources and skill sets
Reducing costs and the Total Cost of Ownership
Demonstrating the business value to IT
Achieving and demonstrating Value for Money and Return on Investment.
Measuring IT organization effectiveness and efficiency
Developing business and IT partnerships and relationships
Improving project delivery success
Managing constant business and IT change
ITIL Versions
In its first form, ITIL was a collection of books which covered all aspects of IT service management. Since then, ITIL underwent many changes and thus many versions of ITIL exist as given below −
ITIL V1
This is the first version of ITIL and comprised 31 books initially.
ITIL V2 (2000 to 2004)
The V1 was replaced with 7 books and gained much prominence during 2000 to 2004. Many companies across several countries currently are adopting this version and this has become an accepted version too.
ITILV2 (2007)
This is yet another modified and consolidated version of the previous ITILV2 and this is called with 3rd version of ITIL, consisting of five core books covering the service lifecycle. ITIL V3 included 26 processes and 4 functions.
In 2011, the 2011 edition of V3 was published. It was an updated version released in 2007.
ITIL Publications
ITIL core publications include a set of five manuals − Service Strategy, Service Design, Service Transition, Service Operation and Continual Service Management.
Benefits of ITIL
The following diagram shows the benefits that ITIL offers −
ITIL V2 vs ITIL V3
A comparison of ITIL V2 and ITIL V3 is shown in the following table −
| ITIL V2 |
ITIL V3 |
| Focused on product, process and people. |
Focused on product, process, people and partner. |
| Process oriented approach |
Lifecycle based approach. |
| Security management is part of evaluation |
Security management is a separate process |
| Emphasizes on service design and service strategy |
Equal attention to all processes |
| Comprises 10 processes and 2 functions |
Comprises 26 processes and 4 functions. |
ITIL – Terminologies
In this chapter, we will discuss some basic terminologies of ITIL that will help to understand the tutorial easily and quickly. The following table comprises all basic terminologies required to learn ITIL.
| Sr.No. |
ITIL Terminologies |
| 1 |
ITIL
Information Technology Infrastructure Library is a set of best practices practiced by most infrastructure service providers to deliver services to the customers to meet their business needs within desired cost and quality. |
| 2 |
Service
Service is a means of delivering value to customers by achieving customer's desired results while working within given constraints. |
| 3 |
Service Level
It is a measured and reported achievement against one or more Service Level Targets. |
| 4 |
Service Level Agreement
It is an agreement between service provider and customer. The SLA describes the IT Service, documents Service Level Targets and specifies the responsibilities of provider and customer. |
| 5 |
Service Strategy
Service Strategy helps to design, develop and implement service management as organizational capabilities and strategic assets as well. It enables a service provider to consistently outperform competitive alternatives over time, across business cycles, industry disruptions and changes in leadership. |
| 6 |
Service Model
Service Model is the high level description of the service and components required to deliver that service. |
| 7 |
Service Portfolio
Service Portfolio is the set of services provided by the service provider. |
| 8 |
Service Catalogue
Service Catalogue is the set of specific services being provided by service provider to a specific customer. |
| 9 |
Customer Portfolio
Customer Portfolio is used to record all customers of IT service provider. |
| 10 |
Demand Management
Demand Management is very important and critical process in service strategy. It helps to understand customer demand for services so that appropriate capacity can be provisioned to meet those demands. |
| 11 |
Pattern of Business Activity
PBA is an extremely important activity achieved by knowing customer how they operate and future requirement they might need. |
| 12 |
Service Design
Service Design provides a blueprint for the services. It not only includes designing of new service but also devises changes and improvements to existing ones. |
| 13 |
Operational Level Agreement (OLA)
OLA is an agreement between IT service provider and another part of same organization. |
| 14 |
Service Level Report
It gives an insight into a service provider’s ability to deliver the agreed service quality. |
| 15 |
Service Level Requirements
It is a document containing the requirements for a service from the client viewpoint, defining detailed service level targets. |
| 16 |
Service Asset
Service Assets are the resources and capabilities owned by the service provider enabling it to deliver service to the customer. |
| 17 |
Configuration Item (CI)
Configuration Item is subset of service assets and have direct impact on delivering services. All servers, networks, applications that have an impact on production are known as configuration item. |
| 18 |
SACM
Service Assets and Configuration Management (SACM) deals with maintaining up-to-date and verified database of all assets and CIs which are also made available to other service management processes. |
| 20 |
Change
Change refers to modifying the existing services. |
| 21 |
Event
Event is defined as detectable occurrence that has significance for the delivery of IT service. Events are created by Configuration Item (CI) or monitoring tools. |
| 22 |
Incident
Incident is defined as any disruption in IT service. Incident can be reported either through the Service Desk or through an interface from event management to incident management tools. |
| 23 |
Service Request
Service Request refers to demand by the users. These requests can be regarding small changes, changing the password, installing additional software application, requesting information etc. |
| 24 |
Problem
In ITIL, a Problem is defined as unknown cause of one or more incident. |
| 25 |
Known Error
Known Error is well identified problem with its cause and resolution. It is stored in Known Error Database (KEDB). |
ITIL – Service Basics
This chapter discusses the Service basics of ITIL in detail.
Service
Service is a means of delivering value to customers by achieving customer's desired results while working within given constraints.
Services vs. Products
The following table shows the comparison for services and products −
| Services |
Products |
| Services are not tangible. |
Products are tangible. |
| Services are produced and consumed at same time. |
Products are not produced and consumed at same time. |
| Services are inconsistent. |
Products are consistent. |
| The user participates in the production of services. |
The user doesn’t participate in the production of products. |
Service Management
Service Management refers to all aspects of the management of IT service provision. According to ITIL, Service management contains all organizational capabilities for the generation of added value to the customers as service.
Goals of Service Management
The main goals of Service management are −
Make IT services adaptable towards the present and future requirements of an organization and its customers.
Develop and maintain good and responsive relationship with the business.
Make effective and efficient use of all IT resources.
Optimizing the quality of delivered services.
Reduction of long term cost of service delivery.
Achieving Service Management
The key activities needed to be performed in order to achieve business and customer’s satisfaction are given hereunder −
Documenting, negotiating and agreeing to customer and business quality targets and responsibilities in Service Level Agreements (SLAs).
Regular assessment of customer opinion in customer feedback and customer satisfaction surveys.
IT personnel taking the customer and business perspective and always trying to keep customer interactions as simple as possible.
Understanding the ICT infrastructure.
IT personnel regularly taking the customer journey and sampling the customer experience.
ITIL – Service Lifecycle
The complete framework of ITIL is based on service lifecycle. Each lifecycle defines certain processes for effective service management.
Service lifecycle helps to amplify the service management approach and to achieve a better understanding of its structure. In the coming chapters, we will be discussing all such lifecycles individually with their processes and functions.
Processes and Functions
There are 26 processes and 4 functions in ITIL V3. These processes and functions are discussed in detail with each service lifecycle in further chapters.
Process
A process defines policies, standards, guidelines, activities, and work instructions. It takes some defined inputs to produce desired results.
Functions
A function is defined as group of people or tools required to carry out one or more processes and activities.
ITIL – Service Strategy Overview
Service Strategy helps to design, develop and implement service management as organizational capabilities and strategic assets as well. It enables a service provider to consistently outperform competitive alternatives over time, across business cycles, industry disruptions and changes in leadership.
Service strategy comprises the following key concepts −
Strategic Assessment
Before crafting service strategy, a provider should first take a careful look at what it does already. The following questions can help expose a service provider’s distinctive capabilities −
Which of our services or service varieties are the most distinctive?
Which of our services or service varieties are the most profitable?
Which of our activities in our value chain or value network are the most different and effective?
Factors in Strategic Assessment
The key factors that play an important role in strategic assessment are given below −
| Sr.No. |
Factors & Description |
| 1 |
Strengths and weaknesses
The attributes of the organization. For example resources and capabilities, service quality, skills, cost structures, product knowledge, customer relationship etc. |
| 2 |
Business Strategy
The perspective, position, plans and patterns are received from a business strategy. |
| 3 |
Critical Success factors
How will the service provider know when it is successful? |
| 4 |
Threats and opportunities
Includes competitive thinking. For example, is the service provider vulnerable to substitution or is there a means to outperform competing alternatives? |
Value Creation
Service strategy defines a unique approach for delivering better value. According to customers’ needs, service should consist of two elements −
Utility
Utility is perceived by the customer from the attributes of the service that have positive effect on the performance of task associated with the desired business outcomes. This is fir for purpose.
Utility is generally stated in terms of −
Warranty
Warranty ensures the utility of the service is available as needed with sufficient capacity, continuity, and security. Value of warranty is communicated in terms of level of certainty.
Warranty is usually defined in terms of availability, capacity, continuity, and security of the utilization of the services.
Availability
It assures the customer that the services will be available for use under agreed terms and conditions.
Capacity
It assures that the service will support a specified level of business activity or demand at a specified level.
Continuity
It assures that the service will continue to support the business through major failures.
Security
It assures that the service provided by the service provider will be secure.
Service Assets
There are two types of service assets as listed below −
Resources
Resources are the inputs for production. The resources are transformed by management, organization, people and knowledge.
Capabilities
Capabilities refer to skills to develop and control the resources for production. The skills are based on knowledge, experience and information.
Service Provider Types
Service Provider can be broadly classified into three types as discussed below −
Type I - Internal Service Provider
Internal Service provider refers to the business functions within an organization. Administration, finance, human resources, and IT service providers all comes under internal service providers.
Type II - Shared Service Provider
In this, business functions such as IT, human resources, and logistics are consolidated into an autonomous special unit called a Shared Service Unit (SSU).
Type III - External Service Provider
External service provider refers to the third party service providers. It can offer competitive prices and drive down unit cost by consolidating demand.
The Four Ps of strategy
The below mentioned Four Ps identify the different forms of a service strategy and are considered as entry points to service strategy.
Perspective
It describes a vision and direction, and articulates the business philosophy of interacting with customer.
Positions
It describes the decision to adopt a well-defined stance. It is expressed as distinctiveness in minds of customers. This means competing in the same space as others but with differentiated value proposition that is attractive to the customer. Whether it is about offering a wide range of services to a particular type of customer or being the lowest cost option, it is a strategic position.
Plan
A plan describes "How do we offer high value or low cost services?" or "How do we achieve and offer our specialized services?"
Pattern
It describes the organization’s fundamental way of doing things.
Services Strategy Processes
The following diagram expresses the different processes and their relationship in service strategy −
Strategy Management
This process involves four activities − definition of market, development of offering, development of strategic assets, and preparation for the implementation of the strategy.
Service Portfolio Management
Service portfolio defines all services that a service provider can provide. It helps to control service management investments throughout an enterprise and actively managing their value.
Business Relationship Management
This process deals with establishing good relationship between service provider and customers by ensuring that appropriate services are developed to meet customer’s needs.
Demand Management
This process maintains balance between consumption of services and their delivery.
Financial Management
Financial management helps to determine all the costs of IT organization. It can serve as a strategic tool for all three kinds on service provider types − internal, external and shared service provider.
ITIL – Service Strategy Roles
There are several roles that are responsible for managing different key aspects of Service Strategy. This chapter discusses the roles of each in detail.
| Sr.No |
Role & Responsibility |
| 1 |
Business Relationship Manager
Maintains good relationship with customers Identifies customer’s needs Ensures service provider meet customer’s need Works closely with Service Level Manager |
| 2 |
Demand Manager
Responsible for understanding, anticipating, and influencing customer demand for services Works with capacity manager to ensure that service provider has sufficient capacity to meet the required demand |
| 3 |
Financial Manager
|
| 4 |
IT Steering Group (ISG)
Sets direction and strategy for IT services Reviews the business and IT strategies in order to make sure that they are aligned Sets priorities of service development programs |
| 5 |
Service Portfolio Manager
|
| 6 |
Service Strategy Manager
|
ITIL – Strategy Generation
For positive results, service provider needs to plan his services strategically. A good service strategy defines a unique approach for delivering better value.
Service Strategy Manager is the process owner of this process.
Service Generation Sub processes
Strategy Management comprises of four activities as discussed below −
Defining the market
It is necessary to take survey of services available in the market. It gives a clear perspective of cost and quality of services already present and what new service can be offered in competitive environment.
Developing offerings
In this service provider develops a portfolio which contain all the services that are visible and available for the customer. Service portfolio is developed in order to represent all binding service investments towards the market.
Developing strategic assets
It deals with purchasing new technologies, resources and capabilities to offer low-cost and high-value service to the customer.
Measuring and preparation for implementation of strategy
In order to measure success or failure of the strategy, all critical success factors are measured. Also the completion in the market is observed and priorities are adjusted accordingly.
ITIL – Service Portfolio Management
Service Portfolios
Service portfolio contains description of all the services engaged throughout the service lifecycle. It also represents the commitment and investment made by service provider across all customers and market spaces.
Service catalogue is a subset of service portfolio and contains presently active services in service operation phase. We will discuss service catalogue in detail as part of service design process.
Service Portfolio Management
Service portfolio management ensures that the service provider is offering right combination of services to meet the customer’s need.
Service Portfolio Manager is the process owner of this process.
The purpose of service portfolio management is to provide answer to the following questions −
Why should customer buy this service?
Why should they buy from us?
What form does the pricing structure take?
What are our strengths and weaknesses, priorities and risks?
How should we apply our resources and capabilities?
Sub Processes
Service portfolio management includes sub processes as shown in the following diagram −
Define
The purpose of this process is to define desired results of a service.
Analyze
The purpose of this process is to analyze the impact of a proposed new service or changed service on existing services in service portfolio.
Approve
The purpose of this process is to submit change proposal to change management and to initiate the design stage for the new or changed service if change proposal is authorized.
Charter
The purpose of this process is to communicate decisions, allocate resources and charter services.
ITIL – Business Relationship Management
This chapter discusses the aspects of business relationship management in ITIL in detail.
Relationship
A relationship is a connection between two people or things. In case of Business Relationship Management, it is the connection between IT service provider and the business while in Configuration Management it is a connection between two configured items that are dependent on each other.
Business Relationship Management process ensures good relationship between service provider and the customer. It is generally achieved by identifying, understanding, and supporting customer’s need and appropriate services are developed to meet those needs.
Business Relationship Management generally includes −
Managing personal relationships with managers
Providing input to Service Portfolio Management
Ensuring that IT service provider is satisfying the customer’s need
Business Relationship Manager is the process owner of this process.
Sub-Processes
Business Relationship Management includes following sub-processes −
Maintain Customer Relationship
This process ensures that service provider understands customer’s need and set up relationships with new potential customers.
Identify Service Requirements
This process ensures that service provider have complete understanding of output of a service and to decide if the customer’s need can be fulfilled using an existing service offering or if a new service needs to be created.
Sign up customers to Standard Services
This process deals with customer requirements and service level agreements.
Handle Customer Complaints
The objective of this process is to record customer’s complaints and take corrective action if required.
Monitor Customer Complaints
The objective of this process is to monitor the processing status of customer’s complaints.
Customer Satisfaction Survey
The objective of this process is to identify the scopes where customer expectations are not being met.
ITIL – Demand Management
Demand Management is a very important and critical process in service strategy. It helps to understand customer demand for services so that appropriate capacity can be provisioned to meet those demands.
Improper demand management leads to improper use of services and resources. Hence it’s worth to analyze customer’s demand.
Demand Manager is the owner of this process.
Strategical Level Demand Management
Strategical Demand Management focuses on two important things as discussed below −
Pattern of Business Analysis (PBA)
PBA is an extremely important activity achieved by knowing customer how they operate and future requirement they might need.
User Profiles
It is the demand pattern shown by users. It can be processes, people or functions.
Tactical Level Demand Management
Under tactical level demand management, we focus on Differential Charging. It is a technique to support Demand Management by charging different amounts for same IT Service Function at different times.
Challenges in Demand Management
Demand Management is critical process of service strategy. The challenges that occur in this process are as shown below −
Improper analysis of customer’s demands lead to improper use of capacity. Excess capacity generates cost without creating value.
Sometimes certain amount of unused capacity is necessary to deliver service levels. Such capacity is creating value through the higher level of assurance made possible with the higher capacity.
It is required to have service level agreements, forecasting, planning, and tight coordination with the customer to reduce uncertainty in demand.
Service production cannot occur without concurrence presence of demand that consumes the output.
Arrival of demand is also influenced by demand management techniques such as off-peak pricing, volume discounts, and differentiated service levels
Service Packages
It has two components as discussed below −
Core services, that are the basic services for which customer is willing to pay. They bring actual value to the customer.
Support services enhance value proposition of core services i.e. added feature to key services.
Developing differentiated offerings
Packaging of core services and supporting services has implications for design and operation services. It is required to decide whether to standardize on the core or supporting services. One can arrive with same level of differentiation of in service offering taking different approaches to packaging as shown in the following figure.
Service Level packages
Service packages come up with one or more Service Level Packages (SLP). Each of the service level packages provides a definite level of utility and warranty from the perspective of outcomes, assets, and PBA of customers.
Business outcomes are the ultimate basis for service level packages.
ITIL – Financial Management
Financial Management deals with accounting, budgeting and charging activities for services. It determines all the costs of IT organization on the basis of direct and indirect costs. This process is used by all three types of service providers – internal, external or shared service providers.
Financial Manager is the process owner of this process.
Benefits of Financial Management
Here are some of the benefits of Financial Management −
Key decisions for Financial Management
The following decisions are to be made for taking decisions for financial management −
Cost centre, value centre or accounting centre
It is important to decide how funding will be replenished. Clarity around the operating model greatly contributes to understanding the requisite, visibility of service provisioning costs, and funding is a good test of the business’s confidence and perception of IT.
The IT financial cycle starts with funding applied to the resources that create output which is identified as value by the customer. This value in turn includes the funding cycle to begin again.
Chargeback − to charge or not to charge
A chargeback model provides added accountability and visibility. Charging should add value to the business.
Chargeback models vary based on simplicity of calculations and the ability for the business to understand them. Some a sample chargeback model includes the following components.
Notional Charges
This addresses whether a journal entry will be made to the corporate financial systems. Here we have a two-book method in which one records costs in corporate financial systems while a second book is kept but not recorded.
This second book gives same information but reflects what would have happened if alternative method of recording had been used.
Tiered Subscription
It refers to varying levels of warranty and /or utility offered for a service, all of which have been priced, with appropriate chargeback model applied.
Metered usage
In this, demand modeling is incorporated with utility computing capabilities to provide confidence in the capture of real-time usage.
Fixed or user cost
In this, cost is divided by an agreed denominator such number of users.
ITIL – Service Design Overview
Service Design is an integral part of ITIL. This chapter talks about this in detail.
Introduction
Service Design provides a blueprint for the services. It not only includes designing of a new service but also devises changes and improvements to existing ones.
It also let the service provider know how the design capabilities for service management can be developed and acquired.
Balanced Design
It is necessary for services to be adaptable to changing business requirements on dynamic basis. For this, a balance must be maintained between the following three factors −
Functionality with the required quality
Resources i.e. staff, technologies, and available finances
Timetable
Aspects of Service Design
Service Design focuses on the following aspects −
IT Services designed to meet business objectives.
Services designed to be both fit for purpose and fit for use.
Cost of ownership planned to achieve return on investment.
Balanced functionality, cost and performance.
More stable and predictable IT services.
Potential risk mitigated, so the IT service is protected from security threats.
Design technology architectures, management architectures, and system management tools.
Design of the measurement systems, methods, and metrics for services, processes, architectures and underlying components.
Design of the service solution including all agreed functional requirements, resources and capabilities.
Service Oriented Architecture
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) refers to developing independent usable services. SOA is defined by Organization for the Advancement of Information Structured (OASIS). SOA provides more flexibility through modularity.
Prerequisites for SOA approach
The prerequisites required for implementation of SOA approach are as follows −
Definition of services
Clarity regarding interfaces and dependencies between services
The application of standards for the development and definition of services
Use of broadly-based technologies and tools.
Service Design Processes
The following table describes several processes in Service Design −
| Sr.No. |
Process & Description |
| 1 |
Design Coordination
It deals with maintaining policies, guidelines, standards, and budget for service design activity. |
| 2 |
Service Catalogue Management
This process is responsible for designing service catalogue containing service specific to the customer for which they are willing to pay. |
| 3 |
Service Level Management
The goal of this process is to ensure that quality of the services meet provisioned quality agreement |
| 4 |
Capacity Management
Capacity Management ensures optimal and economic usage of existing resources and future capacity requirement planning. |
| 5 |
Availability Management
Availability Management ensures the operative services meet all agreed availability goals. |
| 6 |
IT Service Continuity Management
This process ensures continuity of IT services regardless of any disaster occurs. |
| 7 |
Information Security Management
This process ensures confidentiality, integrity, availability of data. |
| 8 |
Supplier Management
This process ensures supplier relationship & performance and also ensures management of right and relevant contracts with supplier. |
ITIL – Service Catalogue Management
Service Catalogue
Service Catalogue contains information of specific services for which customer are willing to pay. It is a knowledge management tool which allows employees and consultants to route their request for and about services.
Service catalogue is a subset of service portfolio and contains presently active services in service operation phase.
Service Catalogue Composition
Each service in the catalogue contains the following elements −
An identification label for the service
Description of services
Related service request types
Any supporting or underpinning services
Service categorization or type that allows it to be grouped with other similar services
Interfaces and dependencies between all services, and supporting components and configuration items (CIs) within the service catalogue and the CMS
Clear ownership of and accountability for the service
Associated costs
How to request the service and how its delivery is fulfilled?
Escalation points and key contracts
Service level agreement (SLA) data
Service Catalogue Aspects
Service catalogue has two aspects −
Business Service Catalogue
It contains all the IT services delivered to the customer, together with their relationship to the business units and the business process that rely on the IT services.
Technical Service Catalogue
It contains all the IT services delivered to the customer, together with their relationship with supporting services, shared services, components, and CIs necessary to support the provision of the service to the business.
Service catalogue management process is responsible for providing information regarding all agreed services to all authorized persons. This process also takes care of creation and maintenance of service catalogue with correct and updated information.
Service Catalogue Manager is the process owner of this process.
Any change to service portfolio or service catalogue is a subject to Change Management process.
SCM Activities
The key activities included in Service Catalogue Management are as follows −
Agreeing and documenting a service definition with all relevant parties.
Interfacing and Service Portfolio Management to agree to the contents of the Service Portfolio Management to agree to the contents of the Service Portfolio and Service catalogue
Interfacing with the business and IT Service Continuity Management on the dependencies of business units and their business processes with the supporting IT services contained within the Business Service Catalogue
Producing and maintaining a Service Catalogue and its contents, in conjunction with service portfolio
Interfacing with Business Relationship Management and Service Level Management to ensure that the information is aligned to the business and business process.
ITIL - Service Level Management
This chapter talks in detail about various aspects related to service level management.
Overview
Service Level Management (SLM) deals with negotiating, agreeing and documenting existing services with some level of policies.
Service Level Manager is the process owner of this process.
SLM deals with following two kinds of agreements −
Service Level Agreement (SLA)
It is an agreed document assuring the warranty with regard to the level of service quality delivered by the service provider. It is between service provider and the customer.
Operational Level Agreement (OLA)
Unlike SLA, it is an agreement within the organization.
SLM Activities
The following diagram describes activities involved in SLM process −
Service Level Requirement (SLR) is one of the earliest activities in Service design of Service Lifecycle. SLR needs to be drafted, once the service catalogue has been produced and SLA structure has been agreed.
Objectives
The objectives of SLM are as follows −
| Sr.No. |
Objectives |
| 1 |
Define, document, agree, monitor, measure, report, and review the level of IT service provided. |
| 2 |
Provide and improve the relationship and communication with the business and customers. |
| 3 |
Ensure that specific and measurable targets are developed for all IT services. |
| 4 |
Monitor and improve customer satisfaction with the quality of service delivered |
| 5 |
Ensure that IT and customers have a clear and unambiguous expectation of the level of service to be delivered |
ITIL - Capacity Management
Capacity Management ensures proper utilization of available resources and makes future capacity requirement available in cost-effective and timely manner. Capacity Management is considered during Service Strategy and Service Design phases.
It also ensures that IT is sized in an optimum and cost-effective manner by producing and regularly upgrading capacity plan.
Capacity Manager is the process owner of this process.
Capacity Management Activities
The following table describes several activities involved in Capacity Management Process −
| Sr.No. |
Capacity Management Activities |
| 1 |
Producing capacity plans, enabling service provider to continue to provide services of quality defined in SLA. |
| 2 |
Assistance with identification and resolution of any incident associated with any service or component performance. |
| 3 |
Understanding customer’s current and future demands for IT resources and producing forecasts for future requirements |
| 4 |
Monitoring Pattern of Business activity and service level plans through performance, utilization and throughput of IT services and the supporting infrastructure, environmental, data and applications components. |
| 5 |
Influencing demand management in conjunction with Financial Management |
| 6 |
Undertaking tuning activities to make the most efficient use of existing IT resources. |
| 7 |
Proactive improvement of service or component performance |
Objectives
The objectives of Capacity Management are as follows −
| Sr.No. |
Objectives |
| 1 |
Produce and maintain an appropriate up-to-date capacity plan reflecting the current and future needs of the business. |
| 2 |
Provide advice and guidance to all other areas of the business and IT on all capacity and performance related issues. |
| 3 |
To manage performance and capacity of both services and resources. |
| 4 |
Assisting with diagnosis and resolution of performance and capacity related incidents and problems. |
| 5 |
Assess the impact of all changes on the capacity plan, and the performance and capacity of services and resources. |
| 6 |
Ensure that proactive measures to improve the performance of services are implemented wherever it is cost justifiable to do so. |
Capacity Management Elements
Capacity Management broadly includes three components: Business capacity management, Service capacity management, and Component capacity management as shown in the following diagram −
Business Capacity Management
This sub-process deals with forecasting and developing plans for future business needs. It is done by using existing data on current resource utilization by various services.
Service Capacity Management
This sub-process deals with understanding the functioning of IT service, resource usage and variation to ensure that appropriate service agreement can be designed.
Component Capacity Management
This sub-process ensures optimizing use of current IT resource components such as network capacity, bandwidth etc.
Capacity Management Information System (CMIS)
CMIS maintains updated database of resources, commodities etc. which is used by all sub-processes within Capacity management.
ITIL – Availability Management
Availability Management (AM) ensures that IT services meet agreed availability goals. It also ensures new or changed service meet availability goals and doesn’t affect the existing services.
Availability is expressed as: (Agreed service time – Down time)/Agreed Service Time
Availability Manager is the process owner of this process.
Objectives
Here are the objectives of Availability Management −
Availability Management Process
Availability Management process is comprises the following key elements −
Reactive activities
Proactive activities
Reactive activities
Activities that are involved in operational roles are known as reactive activities. Activities such as monitoring, measuring, analysis and management of all events, incidents and problem involving unavailability come under reactive activities.
Proactive activities
Activities that are involved in design and planning roles are known as proactive activities. Activities such as proactive planning, design & improvement of availability come under proactive activities.
Availability Management process is completed at following two interconnected levels −
Service availability
Component availability
Service availability
It deals with the availability and unavailability of service and also the impact of component availability and unavailability on service availability.
Component availability
It deals with component availability and unavailability.
Availability Management sub-processes
The following diagram shows sub-processes involved in Availability Management process −
Identifying vital business function (VBF)
VBF refers to business-critical elements that are supported by an IT service. It is important to document all VBFs to provide better business alignment and focus.
Designing for availability
Although additional costs are incurred in providing high availability solution to meet stringent high availability needs yet it is necessary to provide high availability of those services supporting to more critical VBFs.
Service Failure Analysis (SFA)
Service Failure Analysis is designed to −
Provide structured approach to identifying causes of service interruption to the user.
Assess where and why shortfalls in availability are occurring.
Improve overall availability of IT services by producing a set of improvement for implementation or input to Activity Plan.
ITIL – Service Continuity Management
ITSCM ensures continuity of IT service in time of any disaster. It also evaluates the level of insurance we need to protect service assets and a manuscript to recover from a disaster.
IT Service Continuity Manager is the process owner of this process.
Objective
The following diagram shows the several objectives of ITSCM −
ITSCM Process
ITSCM process comprises of four stages − Initiation, Requirements & strategy, Implementation, and Ongoing operation.
Initiation
It includes policy setting defining scope and terms of reference, project planning and resource allocation.
Requirements and strategy
It includes business impact analysis, risk assessment.
Implementation
It includes executing risk reduction measures, recovery option arrangements, testing and plans.
Ongoing operation
It includes education and awareness, change control of ITSCM plans, ongoing testing.
ITIL – Information Security Management
Information Security Management (ISM) ensures confidentiality, authenticity, non-repudiation, integrity, and availability of organization data and IT services. It also ensures reasonable use of organization’s information resources and appropriate management of information security risks.
Information Security Manager is the process owner of this process.
Information security is considered to be met when −
Information is observed or disclosed on only authorized persons
Information is complete, accurate and protected against unauthorized access (integrity)
Information is available and usable when required, and the systems providing the information resist attack and recover from or prevent failures (availability)
Business transaction as well information exchanges between enterprises, or with partners, can be trusted (authenticity and non-repudiation)
ISM Security Policy
It is required for ISM security policies cover all areas of security, be appropriate, meet the needs of business and should include the policies shown in the following diagram −
ISM Framework
ISM Process
The following diagram shows the entire process of Information Security Management (ISM) −
Key elements in ISM Framework
ISM framework involves the following key elements −
Control
The objective of Control element is to −
Establish an organization structure to prepare, approve and implement the information security policy
Allocate responsibilities
Establish and control documentation
Plan
The purpose of this element is to devise and recommend the appropriate security measures, based on an understanding of the requirements of the organization.
Implement
This key element ensures that appropriate procedures, tools and controls are in place to underpin the security policy.
Evaluation
The objective of Evaluation element is to −
Maintain
The objective of Maintain element is to −
Improve on security agreements as specified in, for example, SLAs and OLAs
Improve the implementation of security measures and controls
Preventive
This key element ensures prevention from security incidents to occur. Measures such as control of access rights, authorization, identification, and authentication and access control are required for this preventive security measures to be effective.
Reductive
It deals with minimizing any possible damage that may occur.
Detective
It is important to detect any security incident as soon as possible.
Repressive
This measure is used to counteract any repetition of security incident.
Corrective
This measure ensures damage is repaired as far as possible.
ITIL – Supplier Management
Supplier Management deals with maintaining good relationship between suppliers and the partners to ensure quality IT services.
Supplier Manager is the process owner of this process.
Objectives
The following diagram shows several objectives of supplier management −
Supplier Management Process
The following diagram shows several activities included in Supplier Management −
Here are the activities involved in Supplier Management Process −
Implantation and enforcement of the supplier policy
Maintenance of an SCD
Supplier and contract evaluation and selection
Supplier and contract categorization and risk assessment
Contract review, renewal and termination
Development, negotiation and agreement of contracts
Maintenance of standard contracts, terms and conditions
Management of contractual dispute resolution
Management of sub-contracted suppliers
Agreement and implementation of service and supplier improvement plans
ITIL – Service Transition Overview
Service Transition manages transition of a new or changed service. It ensures all changes to the service management processes are carried out in coordinated way.
Objectives
The objectives of service transition are as follows −
| Sr.No. |
Objectives |
| 1 |
Provide a consistent framework for evaluating the service capability and risk profile before a new or changed service is released or deployed. |
| 2 |
Establish and maintain the integrity of all identified service assets and configurations as they evolve through the service transition stage. |
| 3 |
Plan and manage the capacity and resources required to package, build, test, and deploy a release in to production and establish the service specified in the customer and stakeholder requirements. |
| 4 |
Provide efficient repeatable build and installation mechanisms that can be used to deploy releases to the test and production environments and be rebuilt if required to restore service. |
| 5 |
Ensure that service can be managed, operated and supported in accordance with the requirements and constraints specified in service design. |
Service Transition Benefits
Service Transition helps to improve several things as discussed below −
Quick adaptability to new requirements
Transition management of mergers, de-mergers, acquisitions and transfer of services
Success rate of changes and releases for the business
Success rate of changes and releases for the business
Predictions of service levels and warranties for new and changed service
Confidence in the degree of compliance with business and governance requirements during change
Variation of actual against estimated and improved plans and budgets
Productivity of business customer staff
Timely cancellation or changes to maintenance contracts for software and hardware when components are decommissioned
Understanding the level of risk during and after change
Service Transition Processes
The processes involved in Service Transition are as follows −
| Sr.No. |
Process & Description |
| 1 |
Transition Planning and Support
This process deals with management and control of transition plan. |
| 2 |
Change Management
This process ensures manage and control change management process. It also prevents any unauthorized changes from occurring. |
| 3 |
Service Asset and Configuration Management (SACM)
It maintains database for configuration items such as servers, switches, routers etc. |
| 4 |
Release and Deployment Management
This process deals with management and control of movement of releases to test and live environment. |
| 5 |
Service validation and Testing
This process deals with the quality of services offered. |
| 6 |
Knowledge Management
This process deals with gathering, storing, analyzing, and sharing knowledge. |
ITIL – Project Management
Transition Planning and support (Project management) deals with planning the resources to deploy major release within predicted cost, time and quality estimates.
Project manager is the process owner of this process.
Objectives
The following diagram describes the several objectives of project management process −
The Service Transition Strategy considers the following several aspects to organize Service Transition and allocating resources −
Purpose, goals, and objectives of Service Transition
Framework for Service Transition
Context, e.g. service customers, contract portfolios
Criteria
Organizations and stakeholders involved in transition
People
Approach
Schedule for milestones
Financial requirements
Planning an Individual Service Transition
Service Transition plans describe tasks and activities required to release and deploy a release in to the test environment. It is good practice to deploy Service Transition plan from a proven Service Transition model.
Service Transition Plan also includes:
Issues and risks to be managed
Activities and tasks to be performed
Schedules of milestones, handover and delivery dates
Staffing, resource requirements, budgets, and timescales at each stage
Lead times and contingency
Key Points
It is required to have integrated transition plans that are linked to lower level plans such as release, build and test plans.
It is best practice to manage several releases and deployments as a programme, with each deployment run as a project.
Reviewing the Plans
It is required to verify the plans as and ask following questions before starting release or deployment −
Have the plans been agreed and authorized by all relevant parties, e.g. customers, users, operations and support staff?
Do the plans include the release dates, and deliverables, and refer to related change requests, known errors and problems?
Has the service Design altered significantly such that it is no longer appropriate?
Have potential changes in business circumstances been identified?
Do the people who need to use it understand and have the required skills to use it?
Have the impacts on cost, organizational, technical and commercial aspects been considered?
Is the risk to overall services and operation capability been assessed?
Is the service release within the SDP and scope of what the transition model addresses?
ITIL – Change Management
Introduction
Change in IT service refers to commissioning, decommissioning or upgradation of configuration of servers.
All changes are required to be implemented with minimum disruption of IT services.
Change Management process deals with following aspects while implementing a change −
Study the adverse impact of change and minimize it
Create and maintain change management process
Prevent unauthorized changes in the environment
Maintain record of all the changes
Post implementation review of all changes
Change is not implemented by change management team rather it is implemented by a technical team. Change management team only reviews and approves the change.
Change Manager is the process owner of this process.
Key Points
Change manager is the person who approves the changes and closes it. He also checks whether it meets the desired result.
Change coordinator raises change requests.
Change coordinator has to send screen shots after the change in Post Implementation Report (PIR).
Objectives
The objectives of change management process are as shown below −
Seven Rs of Change Management
These are the seven questions that must be answered for all changes. It helps to assess the impact of changes and risk and benefits to the service.
Request For Change (RFC) is the key information source and the catalyst for the change activities of −
Create and record
Review
Assess and evaluate
Authorize
Plan
Coordinate
Review
Close
Each RFC will follow a certain change model that is suitable for the nature and type of change.
Change Models
There are basically three change models as explained below −
Standard change model
This model is used for pre-authorized repetitive, low risk and well tested changes.
Normal change model
In this model any change must go through certain steps such as assessment, authorization, and Change Advisory Board (CAB) agreement before implementation.
Emergency change model
This change model deals with highly critical changes needed to restore failed high availability service failure.
Change Advisory Board (CAB) is a body to authorize the changes and assist change management in assessing and prioritization the changes.
Service Assets and Configuration Management
Overview of Assets
Asset is something that has financial value with a depreciation rate attached to it. It has a cost and organization uses it for its asset value calculation.
It does not have direct impact on delivering services. Anything such as servers, buildings, blackberries, switches, routers etc. comes under assets.
Configuration Items (CIs)
Configuration item is a subset of service assets and have direct impact on delivering services. All servers, networks, applications that have impact on production are known as configuration item.
Building is an asset but not CI. Document is a CI not an asset.
Hence Service Assets and Configuration Management (SACM) deals with maintaining up-to-date and verified database of all assets and CIs which are also made available to other service management processes.
Configuration Manager is the process owner of this process.
SACM uses Configuration Management System (CMS) which contains one or more Configuration Management Databases (CMDB).
CI Types
CIs are categorized into six as shown in the following diagram −
Service Lifecycle CIs
Service lifecycle CIs gives a clear picture on −
Service CIs
Service CIs refer to −
Organization CIs
Organization CIs are internal to an organization but independent of the service provider.
Internal CIs
CIs which are delivered by individual projects are known as Internal CIs.
External CIs
External CIs refer to external customer requirements and agreements, releases from supplier and external services.
Interface CIs
These CIs are required to deliver end-to-end service across a Service Provider Interface (SPI).
Configuration Management System (CMS)
SACM uses Configuration Management System (CMS) which contains one or more Configuration Management Databases (CMDB). The database contains information associated with a CI such as supplier, cost, purchase date, renewal date for licenses and maintenance contracts and other related documents such as SLA etc.
There are also other attributes for Configuration Items such as −
SACM process comprises of following five activities −
All of the above mentioned activities are described in the following diagram −
ITIL – Release and Deployment Management
Release and Deployment Management includes planning, designing, building, testing and deploying new software and hardware components in the live environment. It is important to maintain the integrity of live environment by deploying correct releases.
Release Manager is the process owner of this process.
Key Points
Release Unit refers to portion of IT infrastructure that should be released together.
In the Release package, each of the software in the package depends on other software in the group for its performance.
Objectives
Release and Deployment management ensures that −
Delivering change faster and at optimum cost and minimized risk
Successful and on schedule deployment of release package.
New or changed services are capable of delivering the agreed service requirements.
There is knowledge transfer to enable the customers and users to optimize their use of service to support their business activities.
Minimal unpredicted impact on the production services, operation and support organization.
Customers, users and service management staff are satisfied with service transition practices and outputs.
It is important to define appropriate release package type for a given type of release.
The following diagram illustrates an example of a release package −
Release and Deployment Management Process
The activities included in Release and Deployment Management process are −
Release Management Support
It provides guidelines and support for the deployment of releases.
Release Planning
The objective of this process is to assign authorized changes to release packages. It also defines the scope of releases.
Release Build
This process deals with building releases and ensures all components are ready to enter the testing phase.
Release Deployment
The objective of this process is to deploy new release in the live environment and also arrange training for end users and operating staff.
Early Life Support
The purpose of this process is to resolve operational issues during initial period after release deployment.
Release Closure
This process deals with closing a release after verifying if activity logs and CMS contents are up to date.
ITIL – Service and Validation Testing
Overview
It is necessary to actively maintain test environments to ensure that the deployed releases meet the customer’s expectations, and to verify that IT operations are able to support the new services.
Test Manager is the process owner of this process.
The following diagram describes an example of service testing through the Service Transition stage of the lifecycle.
ITIL – Service Operation Overview
Service operation ensures that services are being provided efficiently and effectively as per SLAs. It includes monitoring services, resolving incidents, fulfilling requests and carrying out operational tasks.
Key Points
Service Operation includes five process and four functions.
Service operation deals with day-to-day activities and infrastructure that are being used to deliver the services.
Service Operations is where all design and transition plans are executed and measured.
From customer point of view, Service Operation is where actual value is seen.
Service Operation Processes
Service operations include total five processes as described in the following table −
| Sr.No. |
Process & Description |
| 1 |
Event Management
The objective of this process is to make sure all CIs are monitored constantly. It also filters and categorizes the events in order to decide on appropriate actions. |
| 2 |
Incident Management
The purpose of Incident Management is to restore the service to the previous stage as early as possible. |
| 3 |
Request Fulfillment
This process deals with handling requests such as change password, create new user and create email id etc. |
| 4 |
Access Management
This process deals with granting rights to authorized user to use the service. |
| 5 |
Problem Management
This process deals with finding root cause of the problem and prevent incident to occur again. |
Service Operation Functions
Service Operation comprises of four functions as shown in the following diagram −
Service Desk
Service Desk is the first and single point of contact. It plays a vital role in customer satisfaction. It coordinates activities between end user and IT service provider team. It also owns the logged requests and ensures closure of these requests.
There are four types of Service Desk −
Central Service Desk
In this, there is only one central Service Desk.
Local or distributed Service Desk
It is costly but closer to the user. It is difficult to manage and maintain.
Virtual Service Desk
It is very costly and result in fast processing.
Specialized Service Desk
It includes dedicated skilled staff for specific queries.
IT Operation Management
This function is responsible for managing organization’s day-to-day operational activities
Technical Management
Technical Management staff includes technical expertise that is responsible for management of overall IT infrastructure.
Application Management
Application Management is responsible for managing the applications and software throughout the lifecycle of the service.
ITIL – Event Management
Overview
Event is defined as detectable occurrence that has significance for the delivery of IT service. Events are created by Configuration Item (CI) or the monitoring tools.
Event Management ensures that all CIs are constantly monitored and define a process to categorize these events so that appropriate action can be taken if required.
IT Operation Manager is the process owner of this process.
Event Management can be applied on the following aspects −
Configuration Items (CIs)
Security
Environment Conditions (e.g. fire and smoke detections)
Normal activity (e.g. tracking the use of an application or performance of a server)
Software license monitoring for usage to ensure legal license utilization and allocation
There are two types of monitoring tools as described below −
Active monitoring tools monitor CIs for their status and availability. Any deviation from normal operation is communicated the appropriate team for action
Event Management Process
The Event Management Process is self-descriptive as shown in the following diagram −
Benefits
Here are the several benefits of Event Management −
It helps to detect incidents at early stage. Thus incident can be assigned to appropriate team before any service outage occurs.
It removes need for expensive and resource intensive monitoring.
It can also be applied on some service management processes such as Availability management or capacity management. It automatically generates signal when status changes that allow appropriate team to perform early response.
Since it is automates, hence provides an increased efficiency.
Incident Management and Request Fulfillment
Overview
Incident is defined as any disruption in IT service. Incident can be reported either through the Service Desk or through an interface from event management to incident management tools.
Incident Management deals with handling incident and ensures to restore IT service soon as possible.
Incident Manager is the process owner of this process.
Incident Models
There are always some incidents which are not new. They may happen again over a period of time. Therefore, it is a best practice to have pre-defined model to handle such incidents.
An incident model should include −
Steps that should be taken to handle the incident
Chronological order these steps should be taken in, with any dependences or co-processing defined.
Responsibilities − who should do what
Timescales and thresholds for completion of the actions
Escalation procedures; who should be contacted and when
Any necessary evidence-preservation activities
Incident Management Process
The following diagram shows several standard steps to be taken when an incident occurs −
Incident Logging
All incidents should be fully logged and date/time stamped.
Incident Categorization
It is important later when looking at incident types/frequencies to establish trends for use in Problem Management.
Incident Prioritization
It deals with severity of an incident − Low, Medium or High.
Incident Diagnosis
Service Desk analyst must carry out initial diagnosis while the user is on call and try to discover the full symptoms of the incident and to determine exactly what has gone wrong and how to correct it.
Incident Escalation
Various aspects of incident escalation are as follows −
Function escalation
When it becomes clear that Service Desk is unable to resolve the incident or target time for Service Desk has been exceeded, the incident must be escalated immediately for further support.
Hierarchic escalation
Hierarchic escalation is done when either incident is serious in nature or ‘Investigation and Diagnosis’ is taking too long time.
Investigation and diagnosis
It includes the following activities −
Understanding what exactly has gone wrong.
Understanding chronological order of the events
Confirming the full impact of the incident
Identifying any events that could have triggered the incident
Searching for previous similar kind of incidents
Resolution and recovery
A potential resolution need to be identified, applied and tested.
Incident closure
Before closing an incident, Service desk should ask the user whether he is satisfied and agree to close the incident.
Request Fulfilment
Service Request refers to demand by the users. These requests can be regarding small changes, changing the password, installing additional software application, requesting information etc.
An incident is unplanned event but Service Request can be planned.
Key Points
Depending upon the number of Service Requests, an organization usually has, a specialized team that can be formed to fulfil those requests.
For frequently recurring requests, a predefined model can be devised to fulfil the requests.
ITIL – Problem Management
In ITIL, Problem is defined as unknown cause of one or more incident.
Problem Management ensures the identification of problems and performs Root Cause Analysis. It also ensures that recurring incidents are minimized and problems can be prevented.
Problem Manager is the process owner of this process.
Key Points
Problem Management comprises of activities required to diagnose the root cause of the incident and to determine the resolution to those problems.
When a problem is resolved after root cause analysis, it becomes known error.
Problem Management also records information regarding problems in a system called Known Error Database (KED).
Problem Management consists of following two processes −
Problem Management Process
The following diagram describes activities involved in Problem Management −
Problem detection
Problem can be detected in following ways −
Analysis of incident by technical support group.
Automated detection of an infrastructure or application fault, using alert tools automatically to raise an incident which may reveal the need for problem management.
A notification from supplier that a problem exists that has to be resolved.
Problem logging
Problem should be fully logged and contains the following details −
Problem categorization
In order to trace true nature of Problem, It is must to categorize the Problems in same way as Incidents.
Problem Prioritization
Problems must be categorized in the same way as incidents to identify how serious the Problem is from an infrastructure perspective.
Workarounds
It is temporary way to overcome the difficulties. Details of workaround should always be documented within Problem record.
Raising a Known Error Record
Known error must be raised and placed in Known Error Database for future reference.
Problem Resolution
Once resolution is found, it must be applied and documented with the problem details.
Problem closure
At time of closure, a check should be performed to ensure that record contains full historical descriptions of all events.
Major Problem Review
A review of following things should be made −
Those things that were done correctly
Those things that were done wrong
What could be done better in future
How to prevent recurrence
ITIL – Access Management
Overview
Access Management deals with granting access to authorized access while preventing access to non-authorized users.
Access Manager is the process owner of this process.
Key Points
Access Management is also known as ‘rights management’ or ‘identity management’.
Access Management process is executed by technical and application management functions.
Access Management can be initiated by Service Request through Service Desk
Value to Business
Access Management adds value to business in following ways −
Employees have right level of access to execute their jobs effectively
The ability to audit use of services and to trace the abuse of services.
Controlled access to services ensures that organization is able to maintain more effectively the confidentiality of its information.
Access Management Process
Activates involved in Access Management are self-explanatory as shown in the following diagram −
CSI Overview
Continuous Service Improvement (CSI) deals with measures to be taken to improve the quality of services by learning from past successes and failures. Its purpose is to align and realign IT Services to the changing needs by identifying and implementing improvements to the changing business needs.
Objectives
The several objectives of Continual Service Improvement are as follows −
Review and analyze improvement opportunities in each lifecycle phase.
Review and analyze Service Level achievement results.
Improve cost effectiveness of delivering IT services without sacrificing customer satisfaction.
Identify and implement individual activities to improve IT service quality.
Ensures applicable quality management methods are used to support continual improvement activities
Activities Supporting CSI
The activities that support CSI do not happen automatically and thus required to be owned within IT organization which is capable of handling the responsibilities and processes the appropriate authority to make things happen. Here are the activities supporting Continual Service Improvement.
CSI Process Model
The steps involved in CSI are self-explanatory as described in the following diagram −
Perspectives of Benefits
Here are the four perspectives of benefits that are taken into consideration while discussing outcomes of CSI −
Improvement
This is comparison of result of current state of service to previous.
Benefits
It is the gain achieved through realization of improvements.
Return on Investment
It is the difference between benefits and amount expanded to achieve that benefit.
Value on Investment
It is the extra value created by establishment of benefits that include non-monetary or long-term outcomes.
ITIL – Service Reporting
Service Reporting deals with producing and delivering reports of achievements and trends against Service Levels.
It is a best practice to generate reports as per the agreed format, content and frequency with the customers.
The following diagram describes the overall flow of Service Reporting process −
