Gensim - Creating LDA Topic Model

Role of LDA

LDA’s approach to topic modeling is to classify text in a document to a particular topic. Modeled as Dirichlet distributions, LDA builds −

A topic per document model and
Words per topic model

After providing the LDA topic model algorithm, in order to obtain a good composition of topic-keyword distribution, it re-arrange −

The topics distributions within the document and
Keywords distribution within the topics

While processing, some of the assumptions made by LDA are −

Every document is modeled as multi-nominal distributions of topics.
Every topic is modeled as multi-nominal distributions of words.
We should have to choose the right corpus of data because LDA assumes that each chunk of text contains the related words.
LDA also assumes that the documents are produced from a mixture of topics.

Implementation with Gensim

Here, we are going to use LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) to extract the naturally discussed topics from dataset.

Loading Data Set

The dataset which we are going to use is the dataset of ’20 Newsgroups’ having thousands of news articles from various sections of a news report. It is available under Sklearn data sets. We can easily download with the help of following Python script −

from sklearn.datasets import fetch_20newsgroups
newsgroups_train = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='train')

Let’s look at some of the sample news with the help of following script −

newsgroups_train.data[:4]

["From: lerxst@wam.umd.edu (where's my thing)\nSubject: 
WHAT car is this!?\nNntp-Posting-Host: rac3.wam.umd.edu\nOrganization: 
University of Maryland, College Park\nLines: 
15\n\n I was wondering if anyone out there could enlighten me on this car 
I saw\nthe other day. It was a 2-door sports car, looked to be from the 
late 60s/\nearly 70s. It was called a Bricklin. The doors were really small. 
In addition,\nthe front bumper was separate from the rest of the body. 
This is \nall I know. If anyone can tellme a model name, 
engine specs, years\nof production, where this car is made, history, or 
whatever info you\nhave on this funky looking car, please e-mail.\n\nThanks,
\n- IL\n ---- brought to you by your neighborhood Lerxst ----\n\n\n\n\n",

"From: guykuo@carson.u.washington.edu (Guy Kuo)\nSubject: SI Clock Poll - Final 
Call\nSummary: Final call for SI clock reports\nKeywords: 
SI,acceleration,clock,upgrade\nArticle-I.D.: shelley.1qvfo9INNc3s\nOrganization: 
University of Washington\nLines: 11\nNNTP-Posting-Host: carson.u.washington.edu\n\nA 
fair number of brave souls who upgraded their SI clock oscillator have\nshared their 
experiences for this poll. Please send a brief message detailing\nyour experiences with 
the procedure. Top speed attained, CPU rated speed,\nadd on cards and adapters, heat 
sinks, hour of usage per day, floppy disk\nfunctionality with 800 and 1.4 m floppies 
are especially requested.\n\nI will be summarizing in the next two days, so please add 
to the network\nknowledge base if you have done the clock upgrade and haven't answered 
this\npoll. Thanks.\n\nGuy Kuo <;guykuo@u.washington.edu>\n",

'From: twillis@ec.ecn.purdue.edu (Thomas E Willis)\nSubject: 
PB questions...\nOrganization: Purdue University Engineering 
Computer Network\nDistribution: usa\nLines: 36\n\nwell folks, 
my mac plus finally gave up the ghost this weekend after\nstarting 
life as a 512k way back in 1985. sooo, i\'m in the market for 
a\nnew machine a bit sooner than i intended to be...\n\ni\'m looking 
into picking up a powerbook 160 or maybe 180 and have a bunch\nof 
questions that (hopefully) somebody can answer:\n\n* does anybody 
know any dirt on when the next round of powerbook\nintroductions 
are expected? i\'d heard the 185c was supposed to make an\nappearence 
"this summer" but haven\'t heard anymore on it - and since i\ndon\'t 
have access to macleak, i was wondering if anybody out there had\nmore 
info...\n\n* has anybody heard rumors about price drops to the powerbook 
line like the\nones the duo\'s just went through recently?\n\n* what\'s 
the impression of the display on the 180? i could probably swing\na 180 
if i got the 80Mb disk rather than the 120, but i don\'t really have\na 
feel for how much "better" the display is (yea, it looks great in the\nstore, 
but is that all "wow" or is it really that good?). could i solicit\nsome 
opinions of people who use the 160 and 180 day-to-day on if its
worth\ntaking the disk size and money hit to get the active display? 
(i realize\nthis is a real subjective question, but i\'ve only played around 
with the\nmachines in a computer store breifly and figured the opinions 
of somebody\nwho actually uses the machine daily might prove helpful).\n\n* 
how well does hellcats perform? ;)\n\nthanks a bunch in advance for any info - 
if you could email, i\'ll post a\nsummary (news reading time is at a premium 
with finals just around the\ncorner... :
( )\n--\nTom Willis \\ twillis@ecn.purdue.edu \\ Purdue Electrical 
Engineering\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\
n"Convictions are more dangerous enemies of truth than lies." - F. W.\nNietzsche\n',

'From: jgreen@amber (Joe Green)\nSubject: Re: Weitek P9000 ?\nOrganization: 
Harris Computer Systems Division\nLines: 14\nDistribution: world\nNNTP-Posting-Host: 
amber.ssd.csd.harris.com\nX-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.1 PL9]\n\nRobert 
J.C. Kyanko (rob@rjck.UUCP) wrote:\n >abraxis@iastate.edu writes in article 
<abraxis.734340159@class1.iastate.edu >:\n> > Anyone know about the 
Weitek P9000 graphics chip?\n > As far as the low-level stuff goes, it looks 
pretty nice. It\'s got this\n> quadrilateral fill command that requires just 
the four points.\n\nDo you have Weitek\'s address/phone number? I\'d like to get 
some information\nabout this chip.\n\n--\nJoe Green\t\t\t\tHarris 
Corporation\njgreen@csd.harris.com\t\t\tComputer Systems Division\n"The only 
thing that really scares me is a person with no sense of humor.
"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t-- Jonathan Winters\n']

Prerequisite

We need Stopwords from NLTK and English model from Scapy. Both can be downloaded as follows −

import nltk;
nltk.download('stopwords')
nlp = spacy.load('en_core_web_md', disable=['parser', 'ner'])

Importing Necessary Packages

In order to build LDA model we need to import following necessary package −

import re
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from pprint import pprint
import gensim
import gensim.corpora as corpora
from gensim.utils import simple_preprocess
from gensim.models import CoherenceModel
import spacy
import pyLDAvis
import pyLDAvis.gensim
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Preparing Stopwords

Now, we need to import the Stopwords and use them −

from nltk.corpus import stopwords
stop_words = stopwords.words('english')
stop_words.extend(['from', 'subject', 're', 'edu', 'use'])

Clean up the Text

Now, with the help of Gensim’s simple_preprocess() we need to tokenise each sentence into a list of words. We should also remove the punctuations and unnecessary characters. In order to do this, we will create a function named sent_to_words() −

def sent_to_words(sentences):
   for sentence in sentences:
      yield(gensim.utils.simple_preprocess(str(sentence), deacc=True))
data_words = list(sent_to_words(data))

Building Bigram & Trigram Models

As we know that, bigrams are two words that are frequently occurring together in the document and trigram are three words that are frequently occurring together in the document. With the help of Gensim’s Phrases model, we can do this −

bigram = gensim.models.Phrases(data_words, min_count=5, threshold=100)
trigram = gensim.models.Phrases(bigram[data_words], threshold=100)
bigram_mod = gensim.models.phrases.Phraser(bigram)
trigram_mod = gensim.models.phrases.Phraser(trigram)

Filter out Stopwords

Next, we need to filter out the Stopwords. Along with that, we will also create functions to make bigrams, trigrams and for lemmatisation −

def remove_stopwords(texts):
   return [[word for word in simple_preprocess(str(doc))
if word not in stop_words] for doc in texts]
def make_bigrams(texts):
   return [bigram_mod[doc] for doc in texts]
def make_trigrams(texts):
   return [trigram_mod[bigram_mod[doc]] for doc in texts]
def lemmatization(texts, allowed_postags=['NOUN', 'ADJ', 'VERB', 'ADV']):
   texts_out = []
   for sent in texts:
     doc = nlp(" ".join(sent))
     texts_out.append([token.lemma_ for token in doc if token.pos_ in allowed_postags])
   return texts_out

Building Dictionary & Corpus for Topic Model

We now need to build the dictionary & corpus. We did it in the previous examples as well −

id2word = corpora.Dictionary(data_lemmatized)
texts = data_lemmatized
corpus = [id2word.doc2bow(text) for text in texts]

Building LDA Topic Model

We already implemented everything that is required to train the LDA model. Now, it is the time to build the LDA topic model. For our implementation example, it can be done with the help of following line of codes −

lda_model = gensim.models.ldamodel.LdaModel(
   corpus=corpus, id2word=id2word, num_topics=20, random_state=100, 
   update_every=1, chunksize=100, passes=10, alpha='auto', per_word_topics=True
)

Implementation Example

Let’s see the complete implementation example to build LDA topic model −

import re
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from pprint import pprint
import gensim
import gensim.corpora as corpora
from gensim.utils import simple_preprocess
from gensim.models import CoherenceModel
import spacy
import pyLDAvis
import pyLDAvis.gensim
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
stop_words = stopwords.words('english')
stop_words.extend(['from', 'subject', 're', 'edu', 'use'])
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_20newsgroups
newsgroups_train = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='train')
data = newsgroups_train.data
data = [re.sub('\S*@\S*\s?', '', sent) for sent in data]
data = [re.sub('\s+', ' ', sent) for sent in data]
data = [re.sub("\'", "", sent) for sent in data]
print(data_words[:4]) #it will print the data after prepared for stopwords
bigram = gensim.models.Phrases(data_words, min_count=5, threshold=100)
trigram = gensim.models.Phrases(bigram[data_words], threshold=100)
bigram_mod = gensim.models.phrases.Phraser(bigram)
trigram_mod = gensim.models.phrases.Phraser(trigram)
def remove_stopwords(texts):
   return [[word for word in simple_preprocess(str(doc)) 
   if word not in stop_words] for doc in texts]
def make_bigrams(texts):
   return [bigram_mod[doc] for doc in texts]
def make_trigrams(texts):
   [trigram_mod[bigram_mod[doc]] for doc in texts]
def lemmatization(texts, allowed_postags=['NOUN', 'ADJ', 'VERB', 'ADV']):
   texts_out = []
   for sent in texts:
      doc = nlp(" ".join(sent))
      texts_out.append([token.lemma_ for token in doc if token.pos_ in allowed_postags])
   return texts_out
data_words_nostops = remove_stopwords(data_words)
data_words_bigrams = make_bigrams(data_words_nostops)
nlp = spacy.load('en_core_web_md', disable=['parser', 'ner'])
data_lemmatized = lemmatization(data_words_bigrams, allowed_postags=[
   'NOUN', 'ADJ', 'VERB', 'ADV'
])
print(data_lemmatized[:4]) #it will print the lemmatized data.
id2word = corpora.Dictionary(data_lemmatized)
texts = data_lemmatized
corpus = [id2word.doc2bow(text) for text in texts]
print(corpus[:4]) #it will print the corpus we created above.
[[(id2word[id], freq) for id, freq in cp] for cp in corpus[:4]] 
#it will print the words with their frequencies.
lda_model = gensim.models.ldamodel.LdaModel(
   corpus=corpus, id2word=id2word, num_topics=20, random_state=100, 
   update_every=1, chunksize=100, passes=10, alpha='auto', per_word_topics=True
)

We can now use the above created LDA model to get the topics, to compute Model Perplexity.

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