Application of Digital Financial Services
In today's world, everything is digitized, which means we can access or get every service in digital format through mobile phones, computers, tablets, etc. The invention of computers and smartphones has created a huge impact on financial services. Today using computers and mobile phones, a person can access his/her bank account, verify account details, transfer funds, deposit cash, renew deposit, pay bills, book tickets, etc. Also, the invention of ATMs reduced the time taken to withdraw money from banks. Digital services help to save time by providing services in a single touch. The introduction of digital wallets has also made a big positive impact on financial services.
In this topic, we are going to discuss in detail the importance of savings, importance of bank, banking products like accounts, deposits, loans, procedure for opening an account, banking services through a bank branch, ATM, internet banking, mobile banking, mobile wallets, insurance and various schemes introduced by the Prime Minister of India.
Why are savings needed?
Savings is the percentage of income which is not spent on present expenditures, instead conserved for future use. Being totally unaware of the future happenings, one should be ready to face any kind of unpredictable events. In such tough situations, our savings will be very helpful and beneficial to us.
Emergencies
Emergencies may come at anytime and we should always have a backup to handle such situations. Some examples of emergencies from our day to day life are −
Personal and family health issues.
Loss due to sudden natural calamities like flood, earthquake or cyclone, etc.
Loss due to theft or any other unanticipated events.
Sudden financial help for friends or relatives.
Unplanned trips or any other plans.
Future Needs
Few future needs are listed below −
Retirement
The main purpose to save money is for your retirement. The earlier you start saving for retirement, the less you have to save in future. Saving for retirement makes you self-dependent and financially secure.
Own a property
Everyone dreams of owning a house. Though it is not an easy task, saving from early stages can help in fulfilling this dream.
Own your own vehicle
In today's scenario, transportation has become difficult in metropolitan cities. To explore places with ease and comfort, a person needs a car.
Education
Cost of education has become a burden these days, especially for higher studies. In order to attain higher degrees, one should save money.
To rescue debts and large expenses
We should start saving to deal with large expenses like −
Buying property: house or land
Buying vehicles
Buying gold or expensive jewelry
Handling emergency needs like health-related issues
Going on a family tour
Facing complex situations during natural calamities
Drawbacks of keeping cash at home
Here, we list certain drawbacks of maintaining cash at home −
Unsafe
It is unsafe to keep cash at home as there is a chance of theft or robbery.
Loss of Growth Opportunity
Keeping cash at home causes huge loss to the country's economy as it does not participate in national growth.
Recurring Deposit −It is referred to as a monthly deposit for particular period of time for which the interest will be provided by banks to their customers.
Fixed Deposit −It is bulk amount deposited by the customer for a fixed period of time, i.e., an year or two.
In any of the schemes provided by banks, there will be profit.
We can even earn interest or dividend by depositing our money in saving bank account.
No Credit Eligibility
A person should have minimum balance in savings account to apply for credit cards or loans.
If we save money at home instead of banks, we can't avail the credit facility provided by the financial institutions during tough times.
Why is bank needed?
Bank is an official financial institution that accepts money from public and lends money to public.
Secure Money, Earn Interest, Get Loan
Bank functions in various ways. Few of them are listed below −
Secure Money
Bank helps to save our money very securely.
Loading all your cash at home isn't safe.
You can loose your money in situations like fire, flood or earthquake
In order to avoid the scenarios given above, we need a bank.
Earn interest
Banks provide us with interest if we save money through RD and FD. In any of the schemes provided by the bank there will be an opportunity of growth in our money.
Get Loan
Bank will provide several kinds of loans if we satisfy the criteria issued by a bank and submit all necessary documents. Types of loans provided by bank are −
Home Loan − Home loan is the money lent by banks to buy properties at a certain rate of interest to be paid every month as EMI.
Personal Loan − Banks provide you with personal loans for marriage, emergency periods, etc.
Jewel Loan − Banks provide you with jewel loans where you pledge your jewelry to get loan.
Remittances using Cheque and Demand Draft
Remittance is defined as the transfer of money or funds from one bank to another, either the same bank or different. Remittance can be done using Demand draft by Cheque, Pay slip, Mail Transfer, etc. A demand draft or "DD" is a popular mode of money transfer, where most of the banks in India use this for the effective transfer of money. Demand draft is usually issued on request of the client, for bill payments, and for transfer of property of deceased to legal heirs, etc. DD form requires the following details to be filled by the customer −
Type of instrument needed.
Receiver's Name.
Transmitter's Name.
Total amount to be transferred.
The bank or location where the transferred money is to be funded.
The way money is to be paid, i.e. in "Cash" or through a "Bank Account" in which you will pay money, i.e. in cash or by debit to your account.
You should submit form along with cheque or cash.
Avoid risk of Chit Funds and Sahukars
Using banks to save money, we can avoid the below stated risks −
Chit Fund
Chit funds are local bodies which help to save money. It is run by one or more people of that area. Chit fund is purely based on trust. It is easy to join the chit fund because no proper background is needed except some paperwork. If you deposit money in chit fund you can take out that money whenever you need. Instead, in banks you must wait until the time period get completed.
Risk in saving money in chit funds or Sahukars
Chit funds are not authorized parties to deposit money.
People who are running chit funds can wind up their chit fund if they wish to do so.
There are chances of loss or theft of money.
There is no security or assurance for the money you deposit in chit funds.
There is a chance that the fund manager disappears with mass amount.
A member could disappear after winning the first bid.
Banking Products
We shall learn various banking products −
Accounts
An agreement with a bank, where an account holder can deposit and withdraw money or savings as needed.
Types of Accounts
There are three types of accounts avaliable, namely −
Personal account
Account that represents an individual or an organization is termed as "Personal account". Examples: Mr. Rama's account → Individual persons account; Samsung's account → Organization's account.
Real account
The account that represent tangible assets, that is, which can be physically sensed, is termed as "Real account". Examples include: cash, goods, stock accounts, etc.
Nominal account
Account that represents expenses and incomes is termed as "Nominal account". Examples include: salary, loss of asset accounts, etc.
Deposit
Accumulation of money in the bank is termed as deposits. There are two types of deposits: Time deposit and Demand deposit. Time deposit is defined as money deposited for a particular period of time which cannot be withdrawn before the time gets lapsed.
Fixed deposit − A bulk amount is deposited for a fixed period like a year or two years etc.
Re-investment deposit − Interest is accumulated quarterly and paid on maturity.
Recurring deposit −Fixed amount is deposited at regular intervals like a month or quarterly etc.
Demand deposit is the scheme where the customer can withdraw money on demand without earlier notice to the bank. Demand deposit may or may not provide interest to the customer. Examples of demand deposits include current account and a savings account.
Types of Loan and Overdrafts
Loan is termed as the fund lent to a person on having a promise that he/she will return the money within a certain period with interest. Loan falls under the following categories.
Secure Loan is a loan where the borrower pledges any of his/her assets like house, land, jewel or any of the belongings as security. The financial institution has a right to sell these if repayment is not done on time.
Unsecure Loan is where the borrower does not submit any of the belongings as security to the bank. The example includes peer-peer lending, personal loans, credit debts, etc.
Demand Loan is a loan where a person borrows money on demand. It doesn't fix return time.
Educational Loan is money borrowed to support one's education. He/she doesn't have to repay the money while studying.
Personal Loan is a loan that is borrowed based on personal interest for marriage, world tour, other expenses, etc.
Commercial Loan is lent to an organization for improvement purposes.
Overdraft
An overdraft is a condition that occurs when a person attempts to withdraw money from zero balance account. The types of overdraft include −
Filling up of Cheque, Demand Drafts
We will separately learn how to fill cheques and demand drafts below −
Filling up of Cheque
You must provide the following details while filling a cheque.
Write date at the top right corner of your cheque.
Write name of the receiver to whom the cheque is to be encashed.
Write the amount both in numbers as well as words.
Put your signature at bottom left corner of the cheque.
Filling up of Demand Drafts
You must provide the following details while filling a demand draft.
Type of instrument needed.
Receiver's Name.
Transmitter's Name.
Total amount to be transferred.
The bank or location where the transferred money is to be funded.
Mode of transaction, i.e. in "Cash" or through a "Bank Account" in which you will pay money, i.e. in cash or by debit to your account.
You should submit the form along with cheque or cash.
Documents for Opening Accounts
You need the below documents to open account in banks −
Know your Customer (KYC)
Know your Customer is a process in which banks acquire details about the identity and address of the customers. It is practice accomplished by banks when you open an account with that bank. Banks in regular intervals will update their customer details. The KYC process helps to make sure that the bank services are not misused.
Photo ID Proof, Address Proof
RBI issues a certain norm to be followed while opening an account. One of that is KYC during account opening. We should be providing ID proof and Address proof during the KYC process.
ID Proof − KYC process accepts Voter ID card, Aadhaar Card, Driving license, PAN card, Passport, etc., as ID proof.
Address Proof − Ration card, rental agreement, gas book, telephone bill, voter ID, Aadhar card, etc., are accepted as address proof.
Indian Currency
Indian currency is issued by "Reserve Bank of India". Indian rupee is the official currency of India. The word "Rupee" is the derivative of the Sanskrit word "Rupya" (meaning silver coin). It is denoted by the code "INR". We have 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 2000-rupee notes and 1, 2, 5, 10-rupee coins.
Banking Service Delivery Channels - I
We shall learn different banking service delivery channels in this section −
Bank Branch and ATM
Bank branch is one of the easiest and simplest ways of providing banking services. Every area has one or more bank branches depending on the space coverage of the area through which we can access bank services. We can go to the branch physically and avail services like money deposit or withdrawal, salary update, pension withdrawal, etc.
Automatic Teller Machine has reduced lot of human workload. This is one of the cheapest sources of bank delivering 24/7 service. This facilitates us with the service of money withdrawal. We also have cash deposit machines, passbook update machines, etc.
Bank Mitra with Micro ATM
Bank Mitra is also called as "Customer Service Point". Mitra provides services like account opening, cash deposit, cash withdrawal, fund transfer, etc., and is a representative of mini bank which provides services to rural areas. It especially provides services to villages where no bank branches are available.
Point of Sales
Point of Sales (POS) support for real-time transactions. Suppose if you are purchasing anything in shops and decided to use your debit card, the consumer will be having a POS machine in which your debit/credit card is swiped to deduct the amount for your purchase. This provides cashless transaction facility.
Banking Service Delivery Channels - II
This section deals with online delivery channels −
Internet Banking
Internet banking helps to save your time by providing digital services like −
Transfer funds from your account to another account.
Verify your bank account particulars and statements.
Make payment of utility and credit card bills.
Open and renewal of fixed deposit account.
Recharge and payments of daily needs like prepaid mobile/DTH, train bookings or bus tickets, etc.
National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT)
National Electronic Fund Transfer is a nationwide fund transfer system formulated and maintained by RBI. It helps to transfer funds between customers of the bank across the country. It was started in the year 2005. NEFT follows batch wise fund transfer process that it works from 8.00 AM to 6.30 PM on Monday to Saturday excluding 2nd, 4th Saturday and government holidays.
Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)
Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) is a real-time electronic fund transfer system between banks. Unlike NEFT which follows a batch process, RTGS helps to transfer funds in real-time and gross basis. Real-time settlement refers to that there is no waiting time for the money to get transferred. Gross refers to one-to-one transaction. The minimum amount to be transferred through RTGS is 2,00,000 rupees. Apart from money this helps to transfer securities (tradable financial asset).
Immediate Payment Services (IMPS)
Immediate Payment Services (IMPS) was launched in the year 2010. IMPS is available 24/7 and even on holidays. IMPS is managed by National Payments Corporation of India. It offers interbank electronic fund transfers and it is accepted by almost all banks and financial institutions.
Insurance
Insurance is an agreement to deliver a compensation amount by the financial institution for certain loss, destruction, ailment, or demise in return for payment of a specified premium.
Necessity of Insurance
Insurance is protection for financial loss and provides medical support in case of severe ailments. It provides safety and security to human life as well as business. It generates financial resources, encourages savings by investing regular premium and promotes economic growth by mobilizing domestic savings. Insurance. Insurance accelerates economic growth by collecting and investing funds in industrial development. Insurance helps to get loans. Insurance helps in medical emergencies.
Life Insurance and Non-Life Insurance
In the subsequent section, we shall discuss various about various Life Insurance schemes and various other schemes −
Life Insurance
An agreement to deliver compensation amount by the financial institution on demise of an insured person in return for payment of a specified premium.
Necessity for Life Insurance
To give heirs a financial support after a person's demise.
To protect your family and loved ones.
To pay off debts taken by you.
To support uncertainties in life.
Non-life Insurance
General or non-life insurance saves individual against uncertainties, loss, destruction and damage caused by natural events.
Necessity for Non-Life Insurance
It provides peace of mind to the insured person or business man.
It replaces lost income, destroyed property or damaged objects.
Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)
Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is launched by Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi on 28 August 2014.PMJDY is a National Mission for Financial Inclusion to ensure access to financial services, namely, Banking/Savings & Deposit Accounts, Remittance, Credit, Insurance and Pension in an affordable manner. Account can be opened in any bank branch or Business Correspondent outlet. PMJDY accounts are being opened with zero balance. However, if the account-holder wishes to get cheque book, he/she will have to fulfill minimum balance criteria.
Benefits of PMJDY
Interest on deposit
Accidental insurance cover of Rs. 1.00 lakh
No minimum balance required
Life insurance cover of Rs.30,000/-
Easy transfer of money across India
Beneficiaries of Government Schemes will get a direct benefit transfer in these accounts.
After satisfactory operation of the account for 6 months, an overdraft facility will be permitted.
Access to pension, insurance products
Accident insurance cover, repay debit card must be used at least once in 45 days.
Overdraft facility up to Rs.5000/- is available in only one account per household, preferably lady of the household.
Social Security Schemes
There are lots of social security schemes launched by the Prime Minister "Narendra Modi". Some of the important schemes are described in detail below.
Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY)
The scheme offers to provide you or your family a cover of up to Rs. 2 lakhs in case of any accidents, resulting in death or disability of the insured. In case of death or full disability, you or your family will get Rs. 2 lakhs and in case of partial disability, you will get Rs.1 lakh. Full disability means loss of both eyes, both legs, both hands, whereas partial disability means loss of one eye or leg or hand.
Age of the Insured – Savings bank account holders aged between 18 years and 70 years are eligible to apply for this scheme. People aged more than 70 years will not be able to get the benefits of this scheme.
Premium Amount – It costs you just Rs. 12 in annual premiums for having an accidental death or disability cover of Rs. 2 lakhs under this scheme. It works out to be just Re. 1/month, which is extraordinarily low. Again, your age has nothing to do with the premium payable for your insurance cover under this scheme as the premium is fixed at Rs. 12 for a cover of Rs. 2 lakhs.
Period of Insurance – You will remain insured for a period of one year from June 1, 2015 to May 31, 2016. Next year onwards, the risk cover period will remain to be June 1 to May 31.
Administrators for PMSBY– The scheme would be offered/administered by many general insurance companies, both in the public sector as well as in the private sector. Participating banks will be free to engage any such general insurance company for implementing the scheme for their subscribers. National Insurance Company Limited, Oriental Insurance Company Limited and ICICI Lombard are some of the companies which would be offering this scheme.
Auto Debit Facility – You will be required to provide your consent for auto debit of Rs. 12 as the annual premium from any one of your bank accounts at the time of enrolling for this scheme. This premium of Rs. 12 will get deducted from your savings bank account through auto debit facility every year between May 25 and June 1.
Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY)
Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) is a "Life insurance" coverage by "Government of India". The following are the features of this life insurance scheme −
Age of the Insured – Bank account holders aged between 18 and 50 years are eligible to apply in this scheme. So, if you are aged more than 50 years, you are not eligible to enroll yourself in this scheme. But, once enrolled, you can continue with this scheme till you attain the age of 55 years.
Premium Amount – Less than Re. 1 a day or an annual premium of Rs. 330 is what you need to pay to get a life cover of Rs. 2 lakhs. No matter what your age is, the premium is fixed at Rs. 330 for a life cover of Rs. 2 lakhs. This annual premium of Rs. 330 has been fixed for the first three years from June 1, 2015 to May 31, 2018, after which it will be reviewed again based on the insurers' annual claims experience.
Period of Insurance – June 1st, 2015 to May 31st, 2016 is the period for which this scheme will cover all kinds of risks to your life in the first year of operation. Next year also, the risk cover period will be from June 1 to May 31.
Auto Debit Facility – Annual premium of Rs. 330 will get deducted from your savings bank account through auto debit facility. You will have to give your consent for auto debit of premium from any one of your bank accounts at the time of enrolling for this scheme.
Atal Pension Yojana (APY)
The Government of India is concerned about the old age income security of the working poor and is focused on encouraging and enabling them to save for their retirement. To address the longevity risks among the workers in the unorganized sector and to encourage the workers in the unorganized sector to voluntarily save for their retirement, the Government of India has announced a new scheme called Atal Pension Yojana (APY) in 2015-16 budget. The APY focuses on all citizens in the unorganized sector. The scheme is administered by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) through NPS architecture.
Eligibility for APY − Atal Pension Yojana (APY) is open to all bank account holders who are not members of any statutory social security scheme.
Age of joining and contribution period − The minimum age of joining APY is 18 years and the maximum age is 40 years. One needs to contribute till he/she attains 60 years of age.
Enrollment agencies − All Points of Presence (Service Providers) and Aggregators under Swavalamban Scheme would enroll subscribers through the setup of the National Pension System.
If a person joined Atal Pension Yojna at 35 years, he will contribute till the age of 60 years i.e. for 25 years. If he wants monthly pension of Rs. 1000 he would contribute Rs. 181 a month. On his death his wife will receive Rs. 1000 per month and after her death the nominees will get 1.7 lakh. If he wants monthly pension of Rs.3000 he would contribute Rs. 543 a month. On his death, his wife would get Rs. 3000 per month and after a death the nominees will get 5.1 lakh.
Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)
Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Ltd (MUDRA) Bank on 8 April, 2015 with a corpus of Rs. 20,000 crore and a credit guarantee corpus of Rs. 3,000 crore. The launch was the fulfilment of an announcement made earlier by the Finance Minister Mr. Arun Jaitley in his FY 15-16 Budget speech.
Objectives of PMMY
Regulate the lender and the borrower of microfinance and bring stability to the microfinance system through regulation and inclusive participation.
Extend finance and credit support to Microfinance Institutions (MFI) and agencies that lend money to small businesses, retailers, self-help groups and individuals.
Register all MFIs and introduce a system of performance rating and accreditation for the first time. This will help last-mile borrowers of finance to evaluate and approach the MFI that meets their requirements better and whose past record is most satisfactory. This will also introduce an element of competitiveness among the MFIs. The ultimate beneficiary will be the borrower.
Provide structured guidelines for the borrowers to follow to avoid failure of business or take corrective steps in time. MUDRA will help in laying down guidelines or acceptable procedures to be followed by the lenders to recover money in cases of default.
Develop standardized covenants that will form backbone of the last-mile business in future.
Offer a Credit Guarantee scheme to provide guarantee to the loans which are being offered to micro businesses.
Introduce appropriate technologies to assist in the process of efficient lending, borrowing and monitoring of distributed capital.
Build a suitable framework under the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana for developing an efficient last-mile credit delivery system to small and micro businesses.
National Pension Scheme
National Pension Scheme is a voluntary defined contribution pension system. NPS is administered and regulated by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA). NPS is the most economical pension scheme for Indian citizens between 18-60 age group. The more the invested money, the more the accumulated pension. A citizen of India, whether resident or non-resident can avail NPS facility. The NPS is applicable to central government employees, state government employees, corporate, individual, unorganized sector workers - Swavalamban Yojana. NPS helps to protect your future and get tax benefits.
Components of National Pension System
Point of Presence (POP) − The authorized branches of a POP, called Point of Presence Service Providers (POP-SPs) act as collection points and extend a number of customer services to NPS subscribers.
Central Recordkeeping Agency (CRA) − This provides recordkeeping, administration and customer service functions for all subscribers of the NPS.
Pension Funds (PFs)/Pension Fund Managers (PFMs) − The six Pension Funds (PFs) appointed by PFRDA would manage your retirement savings under the NPS.
Trustee Bank − The Trustee Bank appointed under NPS shall facilitate fund transfers across various entities of the NPS system.
Annuity Service Providers (ASPs) − ASPs would be responsible for delivering a regular monthly pension after you exit from the NPS.
NPS Trust − A Trust, appointed under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 is responsible for taking care of the funds under NPS in the best interests of subscribers.
Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) − An autonomous body set up by the Government of India to develop and regulate the pension market in India.
Public Provident Fund (PPF) Scheme
Public Provident Fund (PPF) is a 15-year investment scheme launched by government of India to enjoy a tax exempted investment. It was introduced by the National Savings Institute of the Ministry of Finance in 1968. A minimum yearly deposit of Rs. 500 is required to open and maintain a PPF account. It provides 7.9% interest. Loan facility is available in PPF account.
Bank on your mobile
Mobile plays a major role in day-to-day activities. We can access services provided by bank through mobile.
Mobile Banking
Mobile banking is a facility provided by all banks to make customers' work easy. Using mobile app, we can do the following activities.
Transfer funds from your account to another account.
Verify your bank account particulars.
Make payment of utility and credit card bills.
Open and renewal of fixed deposit account.
Recharge prepaid mobile/DTH.
Mobile Wallets
Mobile wallet is a virtual wallet, which stores your credit or debit card information. Instead of physically carrying card, we can use mobile device. Mobile wallet also helps to store driver's license, social security number, health information cards, loyalty cards, hotel key cards and bus or train tickets.
Summary
From this topic, we gained a detailed knowledge on the importance of savings; importance of bank, banking products like accounts, deposits, loans; procedure to open an account, banking services, ATM, internet banking, mobile banking, mobile wallet, insurance, and various schemes introduced by the Prime Minister of India.
