AWK - Regular Expressions
AWK is very powerful and efficient in handling regular expressions. A number of complex tasks can be solved with simple regular expressions. Any command-line expert knows the power of regular expressions.
This chapter covers standard regular expressions with suitable examples.
Dot
It matches any single character except the end of line character. For instance, the following example matches fin, fun, fan etc.
Example
[jerry]$ echo -e "cat\nbat\nfun\nfin\nfan" | awk '/f.n/'
On executing the above code, you get the following result −
Output
fun
fin
fan
Start of line
It matches the start of line. For instance, the following example prints all the lines that start with pattern The.
Example
[jerry]$ echo -e "This\nThat\nThere\nTheir\nthese" | awk '/^The/'
On executing this code, you get the following result −
Output
There
Their
End of line
It matches the end of line. For instance, the following example prints the lines that end with the letter n.
Example
[jerry]$ echo -e "knife\nknow\nfun\nfin\nfan\nnine" | awk '/n$/'
Output
On executing this code, you get the following result −
fun
fin
fan
Match character set
It is used to match only one out of several characters. For instance, the following example matches pattern Call and Tall but not Ball.
Example
[jerry]$ echo -e "Call\nTall\nBall" | awk '/[CT]all/'
Output
On executing this code, you get the following result −
Call
Tall
Exclusive set
In exclusive set, the carat negates the set of characters in the square brackets. For instance, the following example prints only Ball.
Example
[jerry]$ echo -e "Call\nTall\nBall" | awk '/[^CT]all/'
On executing this code, you get the following result −
Output
Ball
Alteration
A vertical bar allows regular expressions to be logically ORed. For instance, the following example prints Ball and Call.
Example
[jerry]$ echo -e "Call\nTall\nBall\nSmall\nShall" | awk '/Call|Ball/'
On executing this code, you get the following result −
Output
Call
Ball
Zero or One Occurrence
It matches zero or one occurrence of the preceding character. For instance, the following example matches Colour as well as Color. We have made u as an optional character by using ?.
Example
[jerry]$ echo -e "Colour\nColor" | awk '/Colou?r/'
On executing this code, you get the following result −
Output
Colour
Color
Zero or More Occurrence
It matches zero or more occurrences of the preceding character. For instance, the following example matches ca, cat, catt, and so on.
Example
[jerry]$ echo -e "ca\ncat\ncatt" | awk '/cat*/'
On executing this code, you get the following result −
Output
ca
cat
catt
One or More Occurrence
It matches one or more occurrence of the preceding character. For instance below example matches one or more occurrences of the 2.
Example
[jerry]$ echo -e "111\n22\n123\n234\n456\n222" | awk '/2+/'
On executing the above code, you get the following result −
Output
22
123
234
222
Grouping
Parentheses () are used for grouping and the character | is used for alternatives. For instance, the following regular expression matches the lines containing either Apple Juice or Apple Cake.
Example
[jerry]$ echo -e "Apple Juice\nApple Pie\nApple Tart\nApple Cake" | awk
'/Apple (Juice|Cake)/'
On executing this code, you get the following result −
Output
Apple Juice
Apple Cake
