Phase Shift Oscillators

One of the important features of an oscillator is that the feedback energy applied should be in correct phase to the tank circuit. The oscillator circuits discussed so far has employed inductor (L) and capacitor (C) combination, in the tank circuit or frequency determining circuit.

We have observed that the LC combination in oscillators provide 180^o phase shift and transistor in CE configuration provide 180° phase shift to make a total of 360^o phase shift so that it would make a zero difference in phase.

Drawbacks of LC circuits

Though they have few applications, the LC circuits have few drawbacks such as

• Frequency instability
• Waveform is poor
• Cannot be used for low frequencies
• Inductors are bulky and expensive

We have another type of oscillator circuits, which are made by replacing the inductors with resistors. By doing so, the frequency stability is improved and a good quality waveform is obtained. These oscillators can also produce lower frequencies. As well, the circuit becomes neither bulky nor expensive.

All the drawbacks of LC oscillator circuits are thus eliminated in RC oscillator circuits. Hence the need for RC oscillator circuits arise. These are also called as Phase–shift Oscillators.

Principle of Phase-shift oscillators

We know that the output voltage of an RC circuit for a sinewave input leads the input voltage. The phase angle by which it leads is determined by the value of RC components used in the circuit. The following circuit diagram shows a single section of an RC network.

The output voltage V₁’ across the resistor R leads the input voltage applied input V₁ by some phase angle ɸ^o. If R were reduced to zero, V₁’ will lead the V₁ by 90^o i.e., ɸ^o = 90^o.

However, adjusting R to zero would be impracticable, because it would lead to no voltage across R. Therefore, in practice, R is varied to such a value that makes V₁’ to lead V₁ by 60^o. The following circuit diagram shows the three sections of the RC network.

Each section produces a phase shift of 60^o. Consequently, a total phase shift of 180^o is produced, i.e., voltage V₂ leads the voltage V₁ by 180^o.

Phase-shift Oscillator Circuit

The oscillator circuit that produces a sine wave using a phase-shift network is called as a Phase-shift oscillator circuit. The constructional details and operation of a phase-shift oscillator circuit are as given below.

Construction

The phase-shift oscillator circuit consists of a single transistor amplifier section and a RC phase-shift network. The phase shift network in this circuit, consists of three RC sections. At the resonant frequency f_o, the phase shift in each RC section is 60^o so that the total phase shift produced by RC network is 180^o.

The following circuit diagram shows the arrangement of an RC phase-shift oscillator.

The frequency of oscillations is given by

$$f_o = \frac{1}{2\pi RC \sqrt{6}}$$

Where

$$R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = R$$

$$C_1 = C_2 = C_3 = C$$

Operation

The circuit when switched ON oscillates at the resonant frequency f_o. The output E_o of the amplifier is fed back to RC feedback network. This network produces a phase shift of 180^o and a voltage E_i appears at its output. This voltage is applied to the transistor amplifier.

The feedback applied will be

$$m = E_i/E_o$$

The feedback is in correct phase, whereas the transistor amplifier, which is in CE configuration, produces a 180^o phase shift. The phase shift produced by network and the transistor add to form a phase shift around the entire loop which is 360^o.

Advantages

The advantages of RC phase shift oscillator are as follows −

• It does not require transformers or inductors.
• It can be used to produce very low frequencies.
• The circuit provides good frequency stability.

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of RC phase shift oscillator are as follows −

• Starting the oscillations is difficult as the feedback is small.
• The output produced is small.