R - Operators
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations. R language is rich in built-in operators and provides following types of operators.
Types of Operators
We have the following types of operators in R programming −
- Arithmetic Operators
- Relational Operators
- Logical Operators
- Assignment Operators
- Miscellaneous Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Following table shows the arithmetic operators supported by R language. The operators act on each element of the vector.
| Operator |
Description |
Example |
| + |
Adds two vectors |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6)
t <- c(8, 3, 4)
print(v+t)
it produces the following result −
[1] 10.0 8.5 10.0
|
| − |
Subtracts second vector from the first |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6)
t <- c(8, 3, 4)
print(v-t)
it produces the following result −
[1] -6.0 2.5 2.0
|
| * |
Multiplies both vectors |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6)
t <- c(8, 3, 4)
print(v*t)
it produces the following result −
[1] 16.0 16.5 24.0
|
| / |
Divide the first vector with the second |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6)
t <- c(8, 3, 4)
print(v/t)
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −
[1] 0.250000 1.833333 1.500000
|
| %% |
Give the remainder of the first vector with the second |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6)
t <- c(8, 3, 4)
print(v%%t)
it produces the following result −
[1] 2.0 2.5 2.0
|
| %/% |
The result of division of first vector with second (quotient) |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6)
t <- c(8, 3, 4)
print(v%/%t)
it produces the following result −
[1] 0 1 1
|
| ^ |
The first vector raised to the exponent of second vector |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6)
t <- c(8, 3, 4)
print(v^t)
it produces the following result −
[1] 256.000 166.375 1296.000
|
Relational Operators
Following table shows the relational operators supported by R language. Each element of the first vector is compared with the corresponding element of the second vector. The result of comparison is a Boolean value.
| Operator |
Description |
Example |
| > |
Checks if each element of the first vector is greater than the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9)
t <- c(8,2.5,14,9)
print(v>t)
it produces the following result −
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
|
| < |
Checks if each element of the first vector is less than the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9)
t <- c(8,2.5,14,9)
print(v < t)
it produces the following result −
[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
|
| == |
Checks if each element of the first vector is equal to the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9)
t <- c(8,2.5,14,9)
print(v == t)
it produces the following result −
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
|
| <= |
Checks if each element of the first vector is less than or equal to the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9)
t <- c(8,2.5,14,9)
print(v<=t)
it produces the following result −
[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
|
| >= |
Checks if each element of the first vector is greater than or equal to the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9)
t <- c(8,2.5,14,9)
print(v>=t)
it produces the following result −
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE
|
| != |
Checks if each element of the first vector is unequal to the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9)
t <- c(8,2.5,14,9)
print(v!=t)
it produces the following result −
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE
|
Logical Operators
Following table shows the logical operators supported by R language. It is applicable only to vectors of type logical, numeric or complex. All numbers greater than 1 are considered as logical value TRUE.
Each element of the first vector is compared with the corresponding element of the second vector. The result of comparison is a Boolean value.
| Operator |
Description |
Example |
| & |
It is called Element-wise Logical AND operator. It combines each element of the first vector with the corresponding element of the second vector and gives a output TRUE if both the elements are TRUE. |
v <- c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i)
t <- c(4,1,FALSE,2+3i)
print(v&t)
it produces the following result −
[1] TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE
|
| | |
It is called Element-wise Logical OR operator. It combines each element of the first vector with the corresponding element of the second vector and gives a output TRUE if one the elements is TRUE. |
v <- c(3,0,TRUE,2+2i)
t <- c(4,0,FALSE,2+3i)
print(v|t)
it produces the following result −
[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
|
| ! |
It is called Logical NOT operator. Takes each element of the vector and gives the opposite logical value. |
v <- c(3,0,TRUE,2+2i)
print(!v)
it produces the following result −
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
|
The logical operator && and || considers only the first element of the vectors and give a vector of single element as output.
| Operator |
Description |
Example |
| && |
Called Logical AND operator. Takes first element of both the vectors and gives the TRUE only if both are TRUE. |
v <- c(3,0,TRUE,2+2i)
t <- c(1,3,TRUE,2+3i)
print(v&&t)
it produces the following result −
[1] TRUE
|
| || |
Called Logical OR operator. Takes first element of both the vectors and gives the TRUE if one of them is TRUE. |
v <- c(0,0,TRUE,2+2i)
t <- c(0,3,TRUE,2+3i)
print(v||t)
it produces the following result −
[1] FALSE
|
Assignment Operators
These operators are used to assign values to vectors.
| Operator |
Description |
Example |
|
<−
or
=
or
<<−
|
Called Left Assignment |
v1 <- c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i)
v2 <<- c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i)
v3 = c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i)
print(v1)
print(v2)
print(v3)
it produces the following result −
[1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i
[1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i
[1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i
|
|
->
or
->> |
Called Right Assignment |
c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i) -> v1
c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i) ->> v2
print(v1)
print(v2)
it produces the following result −
[1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i
[1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i
|
Miscellaneous Operators
These operators are used to for specific purpose and not general mathematical or logical computation.
| Operator |
Description |
Example |
| : |
Colon operator. It creates the series of numbers in sequence for a vector. |
v <- 2:8
print(v)
it produces the following result −
[1] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
|
| %in% |
This operator is used to identify if an element belongs to a vector. |
v1 <- 8
v2 <- 12
t <- 1:10
print(v1 %in% t)
print(v2 %in% t)
it produces the following result −
[1] TRUE
[1] FALSE
|
| %*% |
This operator is used to multiply a matrix with its transpose. |
M = matrix( c(2,6,5,1,10,4), nrow = 2,ncol = 3,byrow = TRUE)
t = M %*% t(M)
print(t)
it produces the following result −
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 65 82
[2,] 82 117
|
