Python - Databases and SQL
The Python programming language has powerful features for database programming. Python supports various databases like SQLite, MySQL, Oracle, Sybase, PostgreSQL, etc. Python also supports Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML) and Data Query Statements. The Python standard for database interfaces is the Python DB-API. Most Python database interfaces adhere to this standard.
Here is the list of available Python database interfaces: Python Database Interfaces and APIs. You must download a separate DB API module for each database you need to access.
In this chapter we will see the use of SQLite database in python programming language. It is done by using python’s inbuilt, sqlite3 module. You should first create a connection object that represents the database and then create some cursor objects to execute SQL statements.
Connect To Database
Following Python code shows how to connect to an existing database. If the database does not exist, then it will be created and finally a database object will be returned.
#!/usr/bin/python
import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect('test.db')
print "Opened database successfully";
Here, you can also supply database name as the special name :memory: to create a database in RAM. Now, let's run the above program to create our database test.db in the current directory. You can change your path as per your requirement. Keep the above code in sqlite.py file and execute it as shown below. If the database is successfully created, then it will display the following message.
$chmod +x sqlite.py
$./sqlite.py
Open database successfully
Create a Table
Following Python program will be used to create a table in the previously created database.
#!/usr/bin/python
import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect('test.db')
print "Opened database successfully";
conn.execute('''CREATE TABLE COMPANY
(ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
NAME TEXT NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR(50),
SALARY REAL);''')
print "Table created successfully";
conn.close()
When the above program is executed, it will create the COMPANY table in your test.db and it will display the following messages −
Opened database successfully
Table created successfully
Insert Operation
Following Python program shows how to create records in the COMPANY table created in the above example.
#!/usr/bin/python
import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect('test.db')
print "Opened database successfully";
conn.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) \
VALUES (1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.00 )");
conn.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) \
VALUES (2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 )");
conn.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) \
VALUES (3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 )");
conn.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) \
VALUES (4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 )");
conn.commit()
print "Records created successfully";
conn.close()
When the above program is executed, it will create the given records in the COMPANY table and it will display the following two lines −
Opened database successfully
Records created successfully
Select Operation
Following Python program shows how to fetch and display records from the COMPANY table created in the above example.
#!/usr/bin/python
import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect('test.db')
print "Opened database successfully";
cursor = conn.execute("SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY")
for row in cursor:
print "ID = ", row[0]
print "NAME = ", row[1]
print "ADDRESS = ", row[2]
print "SALARY = ", row[3], "\n"
print "Operation done successfully";
conn.close()
When the above program is executed, it will produce the following result.
Opened database successfully
ID = 1
NAME = Paul
ADDRESS = California
SALARY = 20000.0
ID = 2
NAME = Allen
ADDRESS = Texas
SALARY = 15000.0
ID = 3
NAME = Teddy
ADDRESS = Norway
SALARY = 20000.0
ID = 4
NAME = Mark
ADDRESS = Rich-Mond
SALARY = 65000.0
Operation done successfully
Update Operation
Following Python code shows how to use UPDATE statement to update any record and then fetch and display the updated records from the COMPANY table.
#!/usr/bin/python
import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect('test.db')
print "Opened database successfully";
conn.execute("UPDATE COMPANY set SALARY = 25000.00 where ID = 1")
conn.commit
print "Total number of rows updated :", conn.total_changes
cursor = conn.execute("SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY")
for row in cursor:
print "ID = ", row[0]
print "NAME = ", row[1]
print "ADDRESS = ", row[2]
print "SALARY = ", row[3], "\n"
print "Operation done successfully";
conn.close()
When the above program is executed, it will produce the following result.
Opened database successfully
Total number of rows updated : 1
ID = 1
NAME = Paul
ADDRESS = California
SALARY = 25000.0
ID = 2
NAME = Allen
ADDRESS = Texas
SALARY = 15000.0
ID = 3
NAME = Teddy
ADDRESS = Norway
SALARY = 20000.0
ID = 4
NAME = Mark
ADDRESS = Rich-Mond
SALARY = 65000.0
Operation done successfully
Delete Operation
Following Python code shows how to use DELETE statement to delete any record and then fetch and display the remaining records from the COMPANY table.
#!/usr/bin/python
import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect('test.db')
print "Opened database successfully";
conn.execute("DELETE from COMPANY where ID = 2;")
conn.commit()
print "Total number of rows deleted :", conn.total_changes
cursor = conn.execute("SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY")
for row in cursor:
print "ID = ", row[0]
print "NAME = ", row[1]
print "ADDRESS = ", row[2]
print "SALARY = ", row[3], "\n"
print "Operation done successfully";
conn.close()
When the above program is executed, it will produce the following result.
Opened database successfully
Total number of rows deleted : 1
ID = 1
NAME = Paul
ADDRESS = California
SALARY = 20000.0
ID = 3
NAME = Teddy
ADDRESS = Norway
SALARY = 20000.0
ID = 4
NAME = Mark
ADDRESS = Rich-Mond
SALARY = 65000.0
Operation done successfully
