LISP - Sequences
Sequence is an abstract data type in LISP. Vectors and lists are the two concrete subtypes of this data type. All the functionalities defined on sequence data type are actually applied on all vectors and list types.
In this section, we will discuss most commonly used functions on sequences.
Before starting on various ways of manipulating sequences (i.e., vectors and lists), let us have a look at the list of all available functions.
Creating a Sequence
The function make-sequence allows you to create a sequence of any type. The syntax for this function is −
make-sequence sqtype sqsize &key :initial-element
It creates a sequence of type sqtype and of length sqsize.
You may optionally specify some value using the :initial-element argument, then each of the elements will be initialized to this value.
For example, Create a new source code file named main.lisp and type the following code in it.
(write (make-sequence '(vector float)
10
:initial-element 1.0))
When you execute the code, it returns the following result −
#(1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0)
Generic Functions on Sequences
| Sr.No. |
Function & Description |
| 1 |
elt
It allows access to individual elements through an integer index. |
| 2 |
length
It returns the length of a sequence. |
| 3 |
subseq
It returns a sub-sequence by extracting the subsequence starting at a particular index and continuing to a particular ending index or the end of the sequence. |
| 4 |
copy-seq
It returns a sequence that contains the same elements as its argument. |
| 5 |
fill
It is used to set multiple elements of a sequence to a single value. |
| 6 |
replace
It takes two sequences and the first argument sequence is destructively modified by copying successive elements into it from the second argument sequence. |
| 7 |
count
It takes an item and a sequence and returns the number of times the item appears in the sequence. |
| 8 |
reverse
It returns a sequence contains the same elements of the argument but in reverse order. |
| 9 |
nreverse
It returns the same sequence containing the same elements as sequence but in reverse order. |
| 10 |
concatenate
It creates a new sequence containing the concatenation of any number of sequences. |
| 11 |
position
It takes an item and a sequence and returns the index of the item in the sequence or nil. |
| 12 |
find
It takes an item and a sequence. It finds the item in the sequence and returns it, if not found then it returns nil. |
| 13 |
sort
It takes a sequence and a two-argument predicate and returns a sorted version of the sequence. |
| 14 |
merge
It takes two sequences and a predicate and returns a sequence produced by merging the two sequences, according to the predicate. |
| 15 |
map
It takes an n-argument function and n sequences and returns a new sequence containing the result of applying the function to subsequent elements of the sequences. |
| 16 |
some
It takes a predicate as an argument and iterates over the argument sequence, and returns the first non-NIL value returned by the predicate or returns false if the predicate is never satisfied. |
| 17 |
every
It takes a predicate as an argument and iterate over the argument sequence, it terminates, returning false, as soon as the predicate fails. If the predicate is always satisfied, it returns true. |
| 18 |
notany
It takes a predicate as an argument and iterate over the argument sequence, and returns false as soon as the predicate is satisfied or true if it never is. |
| 19 |
notevery
It takes a predicate as an argument and iterate over the argument sequence, and returns true as soon as the predicate fails or false if the predicate is always satisfied. |
| 20 |
reduce
It maps over a single sequence, applying a two-argument function first to the first two elements of the sequence and then to the value returned by the function and subsequent elements of the sequence. |
| 21 |
search
It searches a sequence to locate one or more elements satisfying some test. |
| 22 |
remove
It takes an item and a sequence and returns the sequence with instances of item removed. |
| 23 |
delete
This also takes an item and a sequence and returns a sequence of the same kind as the argument sequence that has the same elements except the item. |
| 24 |
substitute
It takes a new item, an existing item, and a sequence and returns a sequence with instances of the existing item replaced with the new item. |
| 25 |
nsubstitute
It takes a new item, an existing item, and a sequence and returns the same sequence with instances of the existing item replaced with the new item. |
| 26 |
mismatch
It takes two sequences and returns the index of the first pair of mismatched elements. |
Standard Sequence Function Keyword Arguments
| Argument |
Meaning |
Default Value |
| :test |
It is a two-argument function used to compare item (or value extracted by :key function) to element. |
EQL |
| :key |
One-argument function to extract key value from actual sequence element. NIL means use element as is. |
NIL |
| :start |
Starting index (inclusive) of subsequence. |
0 |
| :end |
Ending index (exclusive) of subsequence. NIL indicates end of sequence. |
NIL |
| :from-end |
If true, the sequence will be traversed in reverse order, from end to start. |
NIL |
| :count |
Number indicating the number of elements to remove or substitute or NIL to indicate all (REMOVE and SUBSTITUTE only). |
NIL |
We have just discussed various functions and keywords that are used as arguments in these functions working on sequences. In the next sections, we will see how to use these functions using examples.
Finding Length and Element
The length function returns the length of a sequence, and the elt function allows you to access individual elements using an integer index.
Example
Create a new source code file named main.lisp and type the following code in it.
(setq x (vector 'a 'b 'c 'd 'e))
(write (length x))
(terpri)
(write (elt x 3))
When you execute the code, it returns the following result −
5
D
Modifying Sequences
Some sequence functions allows iterating through the sequence and perform some operations like, searching, removing, counting or filtering specific elements without writing explicit loops.
The following example demonstrates this −
Example 1
Create a new source code file named main.lisp and type the following code in it.
(write (count 7 '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5)))
(terpri)
(write (remove 5 '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5)))
(terpri)
(write (delete 5 '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5)))
(terpri)
(write (substitute 10 7 '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5)))
(terpri)
(write (find 7 '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5)))
(terpri)
(write (position 5 '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5)))
When you execute the code, it returns the following result −
2
(1 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4)
(1 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4)
(1 5 6 10 8 9 2 10 3 4 5)
7
1
Example 2
Create a new source code file named main.lisp and type the following code in it.
(write (delete-if #'oddp '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5)))
(terpri)
(write (delete-if #'evenp '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5)))
(terpri)
(write (remove-if #'evenp '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5) :count 1 :from-end t))
(terpri)
(setq x (vector 'a 'b 'c 'd 'e 'f 'g))
(fill x 'p :start 1 :end 4)
(write x)
When you execute the code, it returns the following result −
(6 8 2 4)
(1 5 7 9 7 3 5)
(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 5)
#(A P P P E F G)
Sorting and Merging Sequences
The sorting functions take a sequence and a two-argument predicate and return a sorted version of the sequence.
Example 1
Create a new source code file named main.lisp and type the following code in it.
(write (sort '(2 4 7 3 9 1 5 4 6 3 8) #'<))
(terpri)
(write (sort '(2 4 7 3 9 1 5 4 6 3 8) #'>))
(terpri)
When you execute the code, it returns the following result −
(1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9)
(9 8 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 1)
Example 2
Create a new source code file named main.lisp and type the following code in it.
(write (merge 'vector #(1 3 5) #(2 4 6) #'<))
(terpri)
(write (merge 'list #(1 3 5) #(2 4 6) #'<))
(terpri)
When you execute the code, it returns the following result −
#(1 2 3 4 5 6)
(1 2 3 4 5 6)
Sequence Predicates
The functions every, some, notany, and notevery are called the sequence predicates.
These functions iterate over sequences and test the Boolean predicate.
All these functions takes a predicate as the first argument and the remaining arguments are sequences.
Example
Create a new source code file named main.lisp and type the following code in it.
(write (every #'evenp #(2 4 6 8 10)))
(terpri)
(write (some #'evenp #(2 4 6 8 10 13 14)))
(terpri)
(write (every #'evenp #(2 4 6 8 10 13 14)))
(terpri)
(write (notany #'evenp #(2 4 6 8 10)))
(terpri)
(write (notevery #'evenp #(2 4 6 8 10 13 14)))
(terpri)
When you execute the code, it returns the following result −
T
T
NIL
NIL
T
Mapping Sequences
We have already discussed the mapping functions. Similarly the map function allows you to apply a function on to subsequent elements of one or more sequences.
The map function takes a n-argument function and n sequences and returns a new sequence after applying the function to subsequent elements of the sequences.
Example
Create a new source code file named main.lisp and type the following code in it.
(write (map 'vector #'* #(2 3 4 5) #(3 5 4 8)))
When you execute the code, it returns the following result −
#(6 15 16 40)
